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Cicero · De Officiis I

De Officiis 1.13

Keeping faith; fraud and force

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1Also, if individuals, led by circumstances, have promised anything to the enemy, good faith must be kept even in that very matter, as in the First Punic War Regulus, captured by the Carthaginians, when he had been sent to Rome to negotiate an exchange of prisoners and had sworn that he would return, first, as soon as he came, proposed in the senate that the prisoners should not be returned, and then, when he was held back by his relatives and friends, chose to return to execution rather than break the faith he had given to the enemy. 41And enough has been said about the duties of war. 41Let us remember, moreover, that justice must be maintained even towards the lowest.

41Now the lowest condition and fortune is that of slaves, regarding whom those give sound advice who bid us treat them as hired labourers: work is to be required of them, and their due provided. 41Since wrong is done in two ways, that is, either by force or by fraud, fraud seems to belong to the little fox, force to the lion; 41both are utterly foreign to man, but fraud deserves the greater hatred. 41But of all injustice none is more deadly than that of those who, at the very moment when they are most deceiving, act so as to seem good men. 41Enough has been said about justice.

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Cicero, De Officiis I. Latin text: W. Miller, Cicero: De Officiis (Loeb, 1913), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.