| sīn (conj.) | but if |
| autem, conj. | moreover; but, however; now |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| pugna, -ae, f. | fighting, battle, combat |
| exeō, -īre, -iī, -itus | go out |
| nam, conj. | for |
| saepe, adv. | often, frequently |
| duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj. | two |
| rēx, rēgis, m. | king |
| incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum | walk, step, advance |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| discordia, -ae f. | disagreement, discord, strife |
| mōtus, -ūs m. | motion, movement; uprising |
| continuō (adv.) | at once, immediately |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| vulgus, -ī n. | the common people, the crowd |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| trepidō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | be in a panic, hurry about in alarm |
| bellum, -ī, n. | war |
| cor, cordis n. | heart |
| licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers. | is lawful or permitted |
| longē, adv. | far |
| praescīscō, -ere, -scīvī | find out beforehand |
| namque, conj. | for |
| moror, -ārī, -ātus | delay, linger, stay |
| Mārtius, -a, -um | of Mars; campus Mārtius, the Field of Mars outside the old city |
| ille, illa, illud, dem. pron. | that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc |
| aes, aeris, n. | copper, bronze |
| raucus, -a, -um | hoarse; harsh-sounding, clanging |
| canō, -ere, cecinī, cantus | sing; of a trumpet: sound (receptuī canere: sound the retreat) |
| increpō, -āre, -uī, -itus | make a noise, rattle; rebuke |
| vōx, vōcis, f. | voice; word |
| audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus | hear; listen or attend to |
| frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus | break; dash to pieces, wreck |
| sonitus, -ūs, m. | sound, noise |
| imitor, -ārī, -ātus sum | copy, imitate |
| tuba, -ae f. | trumpet |
| tum, adv. | then, at that time |
| trepidus, -a, -um | anxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous |
| inter, prep, with acc. | among, between |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| coeō, -īre, -iī, -itum | come together, assemble |
| penna, -ae f. | feather; (pl.) wings |
| coruscō, -āre | brandish, shake; flash, glitter |
| spīculum, -ī n. | point, sharp tip; dart, arrow |
| exacuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus | sharpen; spur on, rouse |
| rōstrum, -ī, n. | beak |
| aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | fit, adjust, make ready |
| lacertus, -ī m. | upper arm, arm |
| circā (adv. and prep. + acc.) | around, about |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron. | self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very |
| praetōrium, -ī n. | governor's residence, headquarters |
| dēnsus, -a, -um | thick |
| misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtus | mix, mingle |
| vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | call, summon |
| clāmor, -ōris, m. | shout, cry |
| hostis, -is, m. and f. | enemy, foe |
| ergō (adv.) | therefore, then; quid ergō? what then? |
| ubi, adv. | where; conj., when |
| vēr, vēris n. | spring |
| nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus | get, obtain, find |
| sudis, -is f. | stake, pile |
| campus, -ī, m. | plain, field |
| pateō, -ēre, -uī | lie open; extend, stretch |
| ērumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum | burst out, sally |
| porta, -ae, f. | gate; door |
| concurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursus | run, rush, or dash together |
| aethēr, -eris m. (acc. aethera) | the upper air, the sky |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| altum, -ī n. | the deep, the open sea; a height |
| fīō, fierī, factus sum | be done or made, become, happen |
| glomerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | gather into a ball, mass together |
| orbis, -is, m. | circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world |
| praeceps, -cipitis | headlong |
| cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus | fall |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| āēr, āeris, m. | air |
| grandō, -inis f. | hail |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| dē, prep, with abl. | down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of |
| concutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus | shake violently; shake, weaken |
| tantum, adv. | so much or far, only |
| pluō, -ere, pluī | rain; make it rain |
| īlex, -icis f. | holm-oak, evergreen oak |
| glāns, glandis f. | acorn; sling-bullet (of lead or clay) |
| per, prep, with ace. | through, by means of |
| medius, -a, -um | mid, middle |
| aciēs, -ēī, f. | line of battle |
| īnsignis, -e | notable, remarkable |
| ala, -ae, f. | wing |
| ingēns, -gentis, adj. | huge, vast |
| angustus, -a, -um | narrow, cramped |
| pectus, pectoris, n. | breast |
| versō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | turn about; (pass. or reflexive) move about, be engaged |
| ūsque, adv. | all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō |
| adeō (adv.) | so far, to such a degree; so |
| obnītor, -ī, -nīxus sum | push or strain against; struggle, resist |
| cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum | go, withdraw, give way |
| dum, conj. | while, as; as long as; until |
| gravis, -e | heavy; severe, grievous, serious |
| aut, conj. | or; aut ... aut, either ... or |
| hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron. | this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter |
| vertō, vertere, vertī, versus | turn |
| fuga, -ae, f. | flight |
| victor, -ōris m. | conqueror, victor |
| dō, dare, dedī, datus | give |
| tergum, -ī, n. | back |
| subigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus | bring under, subdue; force, compel |
| certāmen, -minis, n. | struggle, contest |
| tantus, -a, -um | so great or much |
| pulvis, -eris m. | dust |
| exiguus, -a, -um | small, scanty, short |
| iactus, -ūs m. | throwing, a throw; fulminum iactūs: strokes of lightning |
| comprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus | press together, squeeze, compress |
| quiēscō, -ere, quiēvī, quiētus | rest, keep quiet |