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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 4.281–314

Bees born from a slain bullock

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Georg. 4.281Sed sīquem prōlēs subitō dēfēcerit omnis,
nec genus unde novae stirpis revocētur habēbit,
tempus et Arcadiī memoranda inventa magistrī
pandere, quōque modō caesīs iam saepe iuvencīs
285īnsincērus apēs tulerit cruor.
But if a man's whole brood has suddenly failed him, and he has no stock from which to renew a new line, it is time to reveal the memorable discovery of the Arcadian master, and in what way the corrupted blood of slaughtered bullocks has often before now produced bees.
Georg. 4.285Altius omnem
expediam prīmā repetēns ab orīgine fāmam.
I shall unfold the whole tale more deeply, tracing it back from its first origin.
Georg. 4.287Nam quā Pellaeī gēns fortūnāta Canōpī
accolit effūsō stagnantem flūmine Nīlum
et circum pictīs vehitur sua rūra phasēlīs,
290quāquē pharetrātae vīcīnia Persidis urget,
omnis in hāc certam regiō iacit arte salūtem.
For where the fortunate people of Pellaean Canopus dwell beside the Nile, which spreads in a flood over the land, and ride around their own fields in painted boats, and where the neighbourhood of quivered Persia presses close, the whole region rests its sure salvation on this art.

Georg. 4.295Exiguus prīmum atque ipsōs contrāctus in ūsūs
ēligitur locus;
First a small place, narrowed for this very purpose, is chosen;
Georg. 4.296hunc angustīque imbrice tēctī
parietibusque premunt artīs et quattuor addunt,
quattuor ā ventīs oblīquā lūce fenestrās.
this they enclose with the tiles of a narrow roof and confining walls, and add four windows facing the four winds, with slanting light.
Georg. 4.299Tum vitulus bīmā curvāns iam cornua fronte
300quaeritur;
Then a bullock is sought, already curving his horns on a two-year-old brow;
Georg. 4.300huic geminae nārēs et spīritus ōris
multa reluctantī obstruitur, plagīsque perēmptō
tūnsa per integram solvuntur viscera pellem.
his two nostrils and the breath of his mouth are stopped up, for all his struggling, and when he has been beaten to death, his flesh is pounded and broken up within the unbroken hide.
Georg. 4.303Sīc positum in clausō linquunt et rāmea costīs
subiciunt fragmenta, thymum casiāsque recentēs.
So they leave him lying in the closed room, and put beneath his ribs broken branches, thyme and fresh cassia.
Georg. 4.305Hoc geritur Zephyrīs prīmum impellentibus undās,
ante novīs rubeant quam prāta colōribus, ante
garrula quam tignīs nīdum suspendat hirundō.
This is done when the West Winds first stir the waves, before the meadows blush with new colours, before the chattering swallow hangs her nest from the rafters.

Georg. 4.308Intereā tenerīs tepefactus in ossibus ūmor
aestuat et vīsenda modīs animālia mīrīs,
310trunca pedum prīmō, mox et strīdentia pennīs,
miscentur tenuemque magis magis āera carpunt,
dōnec, ut aestīvīs effūsus nūbibus imber,
ērūpēre aut ut nervō pulsante sagittae,
prīma levēs ineunt sī quandō proelia Parthī.
Meanwhile the moisture, warmed in the tender bones, seethes, and creatures wonderful to see, at first without feet, soon whirring with wings too, swarm together and take more and more to the thin air, until they burst out like rain poured from summer clouds, or like arrows from the twanging string when the light-armed Parthians open the first battle.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, ablative absolute ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (163 words)
sed, conj.but
sī quis, sī qua, sī quidif anyone, if any (sī + the indefinite quis)
prōlēs, -is f.offspring, children
subitō, adv.unexpectedly, suddenly
dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusfail
omnis, -eall, every
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
unde, adv.whence
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
stirps, stirpis f.stock, root; family, race
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
Arcadius, -a, -umArcadian, of Arcadia
memorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusremind of, mention
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
magister, -trī, m.master
pandō, -ere, pandī, passumspread out (passīs manibus: with hands outstretched)
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
iam, adv.now, already
saepe, adv.often, frequently
iuvencus, -ī m.young bull, bullock
īnsincērus, -a, -umcorrupt, putrid, tainted
apis, -is f.bee
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
cruor, -ōris m.blood (shed), gore
altē (adv.)high; deep
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
repetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītumdemand back; seek again
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
orīgō, -inis f.origin, beginning, source; ancestry
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
nam, conj.for
quā, adv.in which place, where
Pellaeus, -a, -umof Pella, Macedonian; hence Alexandrian, Egyptian
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
fortūnātus, -a, -umlucky, fortunate, prosperous
accolō (adcolō), -ere, -coluī, -cultuslive near, dwell beside
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
stagnō, -āreform pools, stand stagnant; overflow, flood
flūmen, -minis, n.river
circum, prep. with acc.around
pingō, -ere, pīnxī, pictuspaint
vehō, vehere, vexī, vectuscarry
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
rūs, rūris n.the country, countryside; (pl.) fields
phasēlus, -ī m./f.kidney bean; a light boat
pharetrātus, -a, -umwearing a quiver
vīcīnia, -ae f.neighbourhood; being neighbours
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
regiō, -ōnis, f.direction; country, region
iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactusthrow, cast, hurl
ars, artis, f.art
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
exiguus, -a, -umsmall, scanty, short
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctumdraw together, collect
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctumpick out, choose
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
angustus, -a, -umnarrow, cramped
que, enclitic conj.and
imbrex, -icis f./m.curved roof tile, pantile
tēctum, -ī n.roof; house
pariēs, -etis m.wall (of a house)
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
artus, -a, -umclose, tight; dense, thick
quattuor, indecl. adj.four
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
ventus, -ī, m.wind
oblīquus, -a, -umslanting, sideways, oblique
lūx, lūcis, f.light
fenestra, -ae f.window, opening
tum, adv.then, at that time
vitulus, -ī m.bull calf, young bullock; (Vulgate) the golden calf
bīmus, -a, -umtwo years old
curvō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, curve
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
frōns, frontis, f.forehead
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
nāris, -is f.nostril; (pl.) nose
spīritus, -ūs m.breath; (pl.) pride, arrogance
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
reluctor, -ārī, -ātus sumstruggle against, resist
obstruō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild against, block up
plāga, -ae f.blow, wound; affliction, illness
perimō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptusdestroy, kill
tundō, -ere, tutudī, tūnsumbeat, strike
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtusloosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
viscus, -eris n. (usu. pl. viscera)inner organs, vitals; the heart, the core
pellis, -is, f.hide, skin, pelt
sīc, adv.so, thus
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
linquō, -ere, līquīleave
rāmeus, -a, -umof branches
costa, -ae f.rib; side
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
fragmentum, -ī n.broken piece, scrap
thymum, -ī n.thyme
casia, -ae f.cassia, a fragrant shrub; wild cinnamon
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive or urge on, incite, urge
unda, -ae, f.wave
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
rubeō, -ērebe red, blush
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
prātum, -ī n.meadow
color, -ōris, m.color
garrulus, -a, -umtalkative, chattering
tignum, -ī n.beam, timber, log
nīdus, -ī m.nest
suspendō, -pendere, -pendī, -pēnsushang up, hang
hirundō, -inis f.swallow
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
tener, -era, -erumyoung, tender
tepefaciō, -ere, -fēcī, -factusmake warm, warm
os, ossis n.bone
ūmor (hūmor), -ōris m.moisture, liquid, water
aestuō, -āre, -āvīboil, seethe; burn (with passion or envy)
vīsō, -ere, vīsī, vīsumgo to see, visit; look at
animal, -ālis n.living creature, animal
mīrus, -a, -umwonderful, strange
truncus, -ī m.tree trunk
pēs, pedis, m.foot
prīmō, adv.at first
mox, adv.soon
strīdeō, -ēre, strīdīgrate, gnash; strīdēre dentibus: grind the teeth
penna, -ae f.feather; (pl.) wings
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
tenuis, -ethin
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
āēr, āeris, m.air
carpō, -ere, -sī, -tuspluck
dōnec (conj.)until; while, as long as
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
aestīvus, -a, -umof summer, summer-
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
ērumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptumburst out, sally
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
nervus, -ī, m.sinew, muscle
pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspush or strike against, knock, knock at
sagitta, -ae, f.arrow
levis, -elight, slight
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
sī, conj.if
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.