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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 4.149–190

The commonwealth of the bees

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Georg. 4.149Nunc age, nātūrās apibus quās Iuppiter ipse
150addidit, expediam, prō quā mercēde canōrōs
Cūrētum sonitūs crepitantiaque aera secūtae
Dictaeō caelī rēgem pāvēre sub antrō.
Come now, I will set out the natures that Jupiter himself gave to the bees, the reward for which they followed the tuneful sounds of the Curetes and their clashing bronze, and fed the king of heaven in the Dictaean cave.
Georg. 4.153Sōlae commūnēs nātōs, cōnsortia tēcta
urbis habent magnīsque agitant sub lēgibus aevum,
155et patriam sōlae et certōs nōvēre penātēs,
ventūraeque hiemis memorēs aestāte labōrem
experiuntur et in medium quaesīta repōnunt.
They alone have children in common, and hold the dwellings of their city jointly, and pass their lives under mighty laws, and they alone know a fatherland and fixed household gods, and, mindful of the winter to come, they labour in summer and store up their gains for the common good.
Georg. 4.158Namque aliae vīctū invigilant et foedere pactō
exercentur agrīs;
For some watch over the food supply and, by a settled compact, are busied in the fields;
Georg. 4.159pars intrā saepta domōrum
160Narcissī lacrimam et lentum dē cortice glūten
prīma favīs pōnunt fundāmina, deinde tenācēs
suspendunt cērās: aliae spem gentis adultōs
ēdūcunt fētūs, aliae pūrissima mella
stīpant et liquidō distendunt nectare cellās.
some, within the walls of their homes, lay down the tears of the narcissus and sticky gum from bark as the first foundations for the combs, then hang the clinging wax: others bring up the grown young, the hope of the race, others pack the purest honey and swell the cells with clear nectar.

Georg. 4.165Sunt quibus ad portās cecidit custōdia sortī,
inque vicem speculantur aquās et nūbila caelī
aut onera accipiunt venientum aut agmine factō
ignāvum fūcōs pecus ā praesēpibus arcent.
There are those to whom guard duty at the gates has fallen by lot, and in turn they watch for rain and clouds in the sky, or take the loads of those coming in, or, forming a column, drive the drones, a lazy herd, from the hives.
Georg. 4.169Fervet opus, redolentque thymō frāgrantia mella.The work seethes, and the fragrant honey smells of thyme. Georg. 4.170ac velutī lentīs Cyclōpes fulmina massīs
cum properant, aliī taurīnīs follibus aurās
accipiunt redduntque, aliī strīdentia tingunt
aera lacū;
And as when the Cyclopes hasten to forge thunderbolts from pliant lumps of metal, some take in and give out the winds with bull's-hide bellows, others dip the hissing bronze in the trough;
Georg. 4.173gemit impositīs incūdibus Aetna;Etna groans with the anvils laid upon it; Georg. 4.174illī inter sēsē magnā vī bracchia tollunt
175in numerum versantque tenācī forcipe ferrum:
nōn aliter, sī parva licet compōnere magnīs,
Cecropiās innātus apēs amor urget habendī,
mūnere quamque suō.
they raise their arms among themselves with great force in rhythm and turn the iron with gripping tongs: just so, if small things may be compared with great, an inborn love of gain drives the Cecropian bees, each in its own office.

Georg. 4.178Grandaevīs oppida cūrae
et mūnīre favōs et daedala fingere tēcta.
The old have the care of the towns, and the fortifying of the combs and the moulding of the cunningly built houses.
Georg. 4.180At fessae multā referunt sē nocte minōrēs,
crūra thymō plēnae;
But the younger ones, weary, come home late at night, their legs laden with thyme;
Georg. 4.181pāscuntur et arbuta passim
et glaucās salicēs casiamque crocumque rubentem
et pinguem tiliam et ferrūgineōs hyacinthōs.
they feed far and wide on arbutus and grey-green willows and cassia and reddening saffron and the rich lime and the dusky hyacinth.
Georg. 4.184Omnibus ūna quiēs operum, labor omnibus ūnus:
185māne ruunt portīs;
All have one rest from work, all have one labour: in the morning they rush from the gates;
Georg. 4.185nūsquam mora;nowhere is there delay; Georg. 4.185rūrsus eāsdem
vesper ubi ē pāstū tandem dēcēdere campīs
admonuit, tum tēcta petunt, tum corpora cūrant;
again, when evening has at last warned them to leave their pasture in the fields, then they seek their homes, then they refresh their bodies;
Georg. 4.188fit sonitus, mussantque ōrās et līmina circum.a sound arises, and they hum around the edges and the doorways.

Georg. 4.189Post, ubi iam thalamīs sē composuēre, silētur
190in noctem fessōsque sopor suus occupat artūs.
Afterwards, when they have now settled in their chambers, there is silence for the night, and their own sleep takes hold of their weary limbs.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×3, gerunds and gerundives ×1, indirect statement ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (205 words)
nunc, adv.now
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
apis, -is f.bee
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
mercēs, mercēdis, f.pay, reward, wages
canōrus, -a, -umtuneful, melodious
sonitus, -ūs, m.sound, noise
crepitō, -ārerustle, crackle
que, enclitic conj.and
aes, aeris, n.copper, bronze
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
Dictaeus, -a, -umof Mount Dicte in Crete; Cretan
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
rēx, rēgis, m.king
paveō, -ēre, pāvībe terrified, tremble
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
antrum, -ī, n.cave
sōlus, -a, -umalone
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
nātus, -ī m.son; (pl.) children
cōnsors, -sortis m. and f.partner, sharer
tēctum, -ī n.roof; house
urbs, urbis, f.city
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
lēx, lēgis f.law
aevum, -ī n.age, lifetime; old age
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
patria, -ae, f.fatherland, country
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtumget to know (perf. nōvī: know)
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
hiems, hiemis f.winter
memor, -orismindful, remembering (+ gen.)
aestās, -tātis, f.summer
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
medium, -ī n.the middle; in mediō: in the midst
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
repōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set back; store up or away
namque, conj.for
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
vīctus, -ūs, m.sustenance, food
invigilō, -ārestay awake over, be watchful; devote oneself to
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
pacīscor, -ī, pactus sumagree, arrange; pactus: agreed upon
exerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitusexercise
ager, agri, m.field, land
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
intrā, prep. with acc.within
saeptum, -ī n.an enclosure, fold; (pl.) the voting enclosure on the Campus Martius
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
narcissus, -ī m.narcissus, daffodil
lacrima, -ae, f.tear
lentus, -a, -umslow, sluggish
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
cortex, -icis m.bark
glūten, -inis n.glue; sticky resin
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
favus, -ī m.honeycomb
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
fundāmen, -inis n.foundation
deinde, adv.then, next
tenāx, -ācisholding fast, clinging (+ gen.)
suspendō, -pendere, -pendī, -pēnsushang up, hang
cēra, -ae f.wax; a wax-covered writing tablet
spēs, speī, f.hope
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
adultus, -a, -umgrown up, full-grown, mature
ēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead out, draw
fētus, -ūs m.offspring, young; fruit, produce (of plants)
pūrus, -a, -umclean, pure; (of land) clear, unbuilt
mel, mellis n.honey
stīpō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscrowd together; surround
liquidus, -a, -umliquid, flowing; clear
distendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out, stretch apart
nectar, -aris n.nectar, the drink of the gods; (of bees) honey
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
custōdia, -ae f.guard, protection
sors, sortis, f.lot
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
speculor, -ārī, -ātus sumspy, watch
aqua, -ae, f.water
nūbila, -ōrum n. pl.clouds, the cloudy sky
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
onus, oneris n.load, weight
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
ignāvus, -a, -umlazy, cowardly
fūcus, -ī m.drone (bee)
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
praesaepe, -is n.stall, enclosure; (of bees) hive
arceō, -ēre, -uīkeep off, keep away, shut out
ferveō, -ēreboil; glow, burn
opus, operis, n.work, task
redoleō, -ēregive off a scent, smell of
thymum, -ī n.thyme
frāgrō, -āresmell sweet, be fragrant
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
velutī (adv.)just as, as if
fulmen, -inis n.thunderbolt, lightning
massa, -ae f.lump, mass
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushasten
taurīnus, -a, -umof a bull, bull's
follis, -is m.bellows; leather bag
aura, -ae, f.air, breeze
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
strīdeō, -ēre, strīdīgrate, gnash; strīdēre dentibus: grind the teeth
tingō, tingere, tinxī, tinctuswet, soak, dye
lacus, -ūs, m.lake
gemō, -ere, -uī, -itusgroan; lament
impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or lay upon, impose; embark
incūs, -ūdis f.anvil
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
bracchium, -ī, n.arm
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
numerus, -ī, m.number
versō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusturn about; (pass. or reflexive) move about, be engaged
forceps, -ipis m./f.pair of tongs, pincers
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
nōn, adv.not
aliter, adv.in another way, otherwise, differently
sī, conj.if
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
Cecropius, -a, -umof Cecrops, Athenian (Cecrops: the first king of Athens)
innāscor, -ī, -nātus sumbe born in, arise in
amor, -ōris, m.love
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
grandaevus, -a, -umvery old, aged
oppidum, -ī, n.town
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
fingō, fingere, finxī, fictusinvent, make up
at, conj.but
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
nox, noctis, f.night
crūs, crūris, n.leg
plēnus, -a, -umfull
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
arbutum, -ī n.fruit of the strawberry tree; the strawberry tree
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
salix, -icis f.willow
casia, -ae f.cassia, a fragrant shrub; wild cinnamon
crocus, -ī m.crocus, saffron; saffron colour
rubeō, -ērebe red, blush
pinguis, -efat
tilia, -ae f.linden tree, lime tree
ferrūgineus, -a, -umrust-coloured, dusky
hyacinthus, -ī m.hyacinth, a dark flower (perhaps iris or larkspur)
omnis, -eall, every
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
māne, adv.in the morning, early in the morning
ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrusrush
nūsquam, adv.nowhere
mora, -ae, f.delay
rūrsus, adv.again
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
vesper, vesperī, m.evening
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
pāstus, -ūs m.feeding, grazing; pasture, food
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
admoneō, -ēre, -uī, -itusremind, warn, advise
tum, adv.then, at that time
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
corpus, corporis, n.body
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
mussō, -āre, -āvīmutter, murmur; hesitate in silence, be at a loss
ōra, -ae f.coast, shore
līmen, -minis, n.threshold; door
circum, prep. with acc.around
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
iam, adv.now, already
thalamus, -ī m.bedroom; marriage bed; marriage
sileō, -ēre, -uībe silent; pass over in silence
sopor, -ōris m.deep sleep
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
artūs, -uum m. pl.joints; limbs, body
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.