| hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron. | this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter |
| quoque, adv. | also |
| ubi, adv. | where; conj., when |
| aut, conj. | or; aut ... aut, either ... or |
| morbus, -ī m. | sickness, disease |
| gravis, -e | heavy; severe, grievous, serious |
| iam, adv. | now, already |
| segnis, -e | slow, sluggish, idle |
| annus, -ī, m. | year |
| dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus | fail |
| abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditus | put away, hide |
| domus, -ūs, f. | house, home |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| turpis, -e | disgraceful |
| ignōscō, -ere, ignōvī, ignōtum (+ dat.) | pardon, forgive |
| senecta, -ae f. | old age (poetic) |
| frīgidus, -a, -um | cold |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| senior, -ōris m. | elder; seniores: the elders (of the people) |
| frūstrā, adv. | in vain |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| labor, -ōris, m. | labor, toil |
| ingrātus, -a, -um | unwelcome, unpleasant; ungrateful |
| trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus | draw, drag |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| sī, conj. | if |
| quandō (adv.) | when; (after sī) ever |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| proelium, -ī, n. | battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle |
| veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus | come |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| quondam (adv.) | once, formerly, at one time |
| stipula, -ae f. | stalk; stubble |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| sine, prep. with abl. | without |
| vīs, vīs, f. | violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main |
| ignis, -is, m. | fire |
| incassum (adv.) | in vain, to no purpose |
| furō, -ere | rage, rave, be mad |
| ergō (adv.) | therefore, then; quid ergō? what then? |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| aevum, -ī n. | age, lifetime; old age |
| notō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | mark, note; single out |
| praecipuē, adv. | especially |
| hinc, adv. | from this place, hence |
| alius, -a, -ud | another, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others |
| ars, artis, f. | art |
| prōlēs, -is f. | offspring, children |
| parēns, -entis m./f. | parent |
| quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj. | what? |
| quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron. | each |
| dolor, -ōris, m. | pain, grief; anger |
| vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum | conquer, defeat |
| glōria, -ae, f. | glory |
| palma, -ae f. | palm of the hand; flat spreading branch |
| nōnne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is expected | not? |
| videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus | see; pass., seem |
| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| praeceps, -cipitis | headlong |
| certāmen, -minis, n. | struggle, contest |
| campus, -ī, m. | plain, field |
| corripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus | seize, snatch, snatch up |
| ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrus | rush |
| effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsus | pour out |
| carcer, -eris, m. | prison |
| currus, -ūs, m. | chariot, car |
| spēs, speī, f. | hope |
| arrigō (adrigō), -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus | set upright; rouse, excite |
| iuvenis, -is, m. | young man, youth |
| exsultō, -āre, -āvī | leap up; exult, revel, run riot |
| hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustus | draw |
| cor, cordis n. | heart |
| pavor, -ōris, m. | terror, panic |
| pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | push or strike against, knock, knock at |
| ille, illa, illud, dem. pron. | that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc |
| īnstō, -āre, -stitī | press on; be at hand |
| verber, -eris n. | lash, whip; (pl.) a flogging |
| torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortus | turn |
| prōnus, -a, -um | leaning forward; inclined, prone (to) |
| dō, dare, dedī, datus | give |
| lōrum, -ī n. | strap; (pl.) reins |
| volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus | fly |
| fervidus, -a, -um | boiling, burning; fiery, hot-headed |
| axis, -is m. | axle; the axis of the heavens, the sky |
| humilis, -e | low; humble, poor |
| efferō, -ferre, extulī, ēlātum | carry out, bring out |
| sublīmis, -e | high, lofty; in sublīme: up on high |
| āēr, āeris, m. | air |
| per, prep, with ace. | through, by means of |
| vacuus, -a, -um | empty |
| ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus | bear, bring |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| assurgō (adsurgō), -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctum | rise up |
| aura, -ae, f. | air, breeze |
| mora, -ae, f. | delay |
| requiēs, -ētis f. | rest, repose |
| at, conj. | but |
| fulvus, -a, -um | tawny, yellow-brown |
| nimbus, -ī m. | rain-cloud, storm-cloud |
| harēna, -ae, f. | sand; shore |
| tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus | lift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor |
| ūmēscō, -ere | become wet |
| spūma, -ae f. | foam |
| flātus, -ūs m. | blowing, blast, breath |
| sequor, sequī, secūtus | follow |
| tantus, -a, -um | so great or much |
| amor, -ōris, m. | love |
| laus, laudis f. | praise, glory |
| victōria, -ae, f. | victory |
| cūra, -ae f. | care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern) |
| prīmus, -a, -um | first, foremost |
| quattuor, indecl. adj. | four |
| audeō, audēre, ausus sum | dare |
| iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctus | join; yoke, harness |
| equus, -ī, m. | horse |
| rapidus, -a, -um | swift; consuming, fierce |
| rota, -ae f. | wheel |
| īnsistō, -ere, īnstitī | stand on |
| victor, -ōris m. | conqueror, victor |
| frēnum, -ī n. | bridle, rein |
| Pelethronius, -a, -um | of Pelethronium in Thessaly, home of the Lapiths and centaurs |
| gȳrus, -ī m. | circle, ring; circuit, wheeling course |
| impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus | place or lay upon, impose; embark |
| dorsum, -ī n. | back; ridge (of a hill) |
| eques, equitis m. | horseman; (pl.) cavalry |
| doceo, -ēre, -uī, -tus | teach, explain |
| sub, prep. with acc. and abl. | under; sub vesperum, towards evening |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| īnsultō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | leap on; mock, insult (+ dat.) |
| sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n. | only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil |
| gressus, -ūs m. | step, pace; course |
| glomerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | gather into a ball, mass together |
| superbus, -a, -um | proud, arrogant, haughty |
| aequus, -a, -um | level; equal; fair |
| uterque, utraque, utrumque | each, either, both |
| aequē (adv.) | equally, just as; aequē ac: just as |
| magister, -trī, m. | master |
| exquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītum | search out, find out |
| calidus, -a, -um | warm, hot |
| cursus, -ūs, m. | running, speed; course, route, voyage; race |
| ācer, ācris, ācre | sharp, shrill |
| quamvīs (adv.) | however much, as … as you like |
| saepe, adv. | often, frequently |
| fuga, -ae, f. | flight |
| vertō, vertere, vertī, versus | turn |
| agō, agere, ēgī, āctus | drive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia |
| hostis, -is, m. and f. | enemy, foe |
| patria, -ae, f. | fatherland, country |
| referō, referre, rettulī, relātus | bring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia |
| fortis, -e | brave |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron. | self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very |
| dēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus | lead down or away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to draw down or launch a ship |
| orīgō, -inis f. | origin, beginning, source; ancestry |
| gēns, gentis, f. | race, nation |