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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 3.49–71

Choosing breeding cows

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Georg. 3.49Seu quis Olympiacae mīrātus praemia palmae
50pāscit equōs seu quis fortīs ad arātra iuvencōs,
corpora praecipuē mātrum legat.
Whether someone, admiring the prizes of the Olympic palm, breeds horses, or someone breeds bullocks strong for the plough, let him above all choose the bodies of the mothers.
Georg. 3.51Optumā torvae
fōrma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plūrima cervīx,
et crūrum tenus ā mentō paleāria pendent;
The best form is that of a fierce-eyed cow, whose head is ugly, whose neck is very large, and whose dewlaps hang from chin to legs;
Georg. 3.54tum longō nūllus laterī modus;then there is no limit to the length of her flank; Georg. 3.54omnia magna,
55pēs etiam;
everything is large, even the foot;
Georg. 3.55et camurīs hirtae sub cornibus aurēs.and shaggy ears beneath the crooked horns. Georg. 3.56Nec mihi displiceat maculīs īnsignis et albō,
aut iuga dētractāns interdumque aspera cornū
et faciem taurō propior, quaeque ardua tōta,
et gradiēns īma verrit vestīgia caudā,
60Aetās Lūcīnam iūstōsque patī hymenaeōs
dēsinit ante decem, post quattuor incipit annōs;
Nor would one marked with spots of white displease me, or one refusing the yoke and sometimes fierce with her horn, and closer to a bull in face, and tall all over, who as she walks sweeps her footprints with the tip of her tail. The age for enduring Lucina and lawful matings ends before ten years and begins after four;
Georg. 3.62cētera nec fētūrae habilis nec fortis arātrīs.the rest of life is neither fit for breeding nor strong for ploughs.

Georg. 3.63Intereā, superat gregibus dum laeta iuventās,
solve marēs;
Meanwhile, while glad youth abounds in the herds, let loose the males;
Georg. 3.64mitte in Venerem pecuāria prīmus,
65atque aliam ex aliā generandō suffice prōlem.
be the first to send the cattle to mating, and supply generation after generation by breeding.
Georg. 3.66Optumā quaeque diēs miserīs mortālibus aevī
prīma fugit;
Each best day of life is the first to flee for wretched mortals;
Georg. 3.67subeunt morbī trīstisque senectūs
et labor, et dūrae rapit inclēmentia mortis.
diseases creep on, and sad old age, and suffering, and the harshness of unrelenting death snatches them away.
Georg. 3.69Semper erunt, quārum mūtārī corpora mālīs:
70semper enim refice ac, nē post āmissa requīrās,
ante venī et subolem armentō sortīre quotannīs.
There will always be some whose bodies you would rather change: so always renew them, and, lest you miss them later when they are lost, be beforehand and choose new stock for the herd each year.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (128 words)
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
Olympiacus, -a, -umOlympic
mīror, -ārī, -ātuswonder, wonder at
praemium, -ī, n.reward
palma, -ae f.palm of the hand; flat spreading branch
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
equus, -ī, m.horse
fortis, -ebrave
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
arātrum, -ī n.plough
iuvencus, -ī m.young bull, bullock
corpus, corporis, n.body
praecipuē, adv.especially
māter, mātris, f.mother
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
bonus, -a, -umgood
torvus, -a, -umgrim, fierce, glaring
fōrma, -ae, f.form, appearance; beauty
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus, m. and f.ox, bull, cow
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
turpis, -edisgraceful
caput, capitis, n.head
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
cervīx, -īcis f.neck (often pl.)
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
crūs, crūris, n.leg
tenus (prep. + abl., after its noun)as far as, up to
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
mentum, -ī n.chin
palear, -āris n.(usu. pl.) dewlap
pendeō, -ēre, pependīhang, be suspended; hover
tum, adv.then, at that time
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
latus, lateris n.side, flank
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
omnis, -eall, every
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
pēs, pedis, m.foot
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
camur, -ura, -urumcurved inwards, crooked
hirtus, -a, -umhairy, shaggy; rough
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
auris, -is, f.ear
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
displiceō, -ēre, -uī, -itumdisplease (+ dat.)
macula, -ae f.spot, blotch, stain
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
albus, -a, -umwhite
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
dētrectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdecline, refuse, shirk
interdum (adv.)sometimes
que, enclitic conj.and
asper, -era, -erumrough, harsh; difficult
faciēs, -ēī f.face; appearance
taurus, -ī, m.bull
propior, -iusnearer (+ dat.)
arduus, -a, -umsteep, difficult
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
gradior, gradī, gressus sumstep, walk, go
īmus, -a, -umlowest (ab īmō: from the bottom)
verrō, -ere, versussweep
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
cauda, -ae, f.tail
aetās, -tātis, f.age
iūstus, -a, -umjust
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
dēsinō, -sinere, -siī, -situsstop, cease (+ inf.)
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
decem, indecl. adj.ten
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
quattuor, indecl. adj.four
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
annus, -ī, m.year
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
fētūra, -ae f.breeding; offspring, young (of animals)
habilis, -ehandy, easy to manage
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusovercome, defeat, conquer
grex, gregis m.flock, herd; band, gang
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
laetus, -a, -umglad, joyful
iuventās, -ātis f.youth, the age of youth
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtusloosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
mās, maris m.male
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
pecuārius, -a, -umof cattle; (n. pl.) herds
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
generō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbeget, produce
sufficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectusbe enough, hold out; supply
prōlēs, -is f.offspring, children
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
miser, misera, miserumwretched, unhappy
mortālis, -emortal
aevum, -ī n.age, lifetime; old age
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
morbus, -ī m.sickness, disease
trīstis, -esad, gloomy
senectūs, -tūtis f.old age
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
dūrus, -a, -umhard; harsh; difficult
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tusseize, snatch
inclēmentia, -ae f.harshness, cruelty
mors, mortīs, f.death
semper, adv.always
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
enim, conj.for
reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake anew, renew, repair
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend away, lose
requīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītuslook for, ask after; need
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
subolēs, -is f.offspring, a child
armentum, -ī n.herd (of cattle)
sortior, -īrī, -ītuscast or draw lots
quotannīs, adv.every year, yearly, annually
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.