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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 3.209–241

Love and the rival bulls

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Georg. 3.209Sed nōn ūlla magis vīrīs industria firmat,
210quam Venerem et caecī stimulōs āvertere amōris,
sīve boum sīve est cui grātior ūsus equōrum.
But no diligence strengthens their powers more than keeping off love and the goads of blind passion, whether one prefers to use oxen or horses.
Georg. 3.212Atque ideō taurōs procul atque in sōla relēgant
pāscua post montem oppositum et trāns flūmina lāta,
aut intus clausōs satura ad praesēpia servant.
And so they banish bulls far off to lonely pastures, behind a barrier of mountain and across broad rivers, or keep them shut up indoors at full mangers.
Georg. 3.215Carpit enim vīrīs paulātim ūritque videndō
fēmina nec nemorum patitur meminisse nec herbae
dulcibus illa quidem inlecebrīs, et saepe superbōs
cornibus inter sē subigit dēcernere amantīs.
For the female gradually wastes their strength and inflames them at the sight of her, and does not let them remember groves or pasture — she with her sweet allurements — and often drives proud lovers to fight it out among themselves with their horns.
Georg. 3.219Pāscitur in magnā Silā fōrmōsa iuvenca:
220illī alternantēs multā vī proelia miscent
volneribus crēbrīs, lāvit āter corpora sanguis,
versaque in obnīxōs urguentur cornua vāstō
cum gemitū, reboant silvaeque et longus Olympus
Nec mōs bellantīs ūnā stabulāre, sed alter
225victus abit longēque ignōtīs exulat ōrīs,
multa gemēns ignōminiam plagāsque superbī
victōris, tum, quōs āmīsit inultus, amōrēs;
A beautiful heifer grazes in great Sila: they in turn join battle with great force, with many wounds; black blood bathes their bodies, and the horns, driven against each other, are thrust home with a vast groan; the woods and the long sky re-echo. Nor is it the custom for the fighters to stall together, but the beaten one goes away and lives in exile on far unknown shores, groaning much at his disgrace and the blows of the proud victor, then at the loves he has lost unavenged;
Georg. 3.228et stabula aspectāns regnīs excessit avītīs.and gazing back at the stalls, he has left his ancestral realm.

Georg. 3.229Ergō omnī cūrā vīrīs exercet et inter
230dūra iacet pernīx īnstrātō saxa cubīlī
frondibus hirsūtīs et carice pāstus acūtā,
et temptat sēsē atque īrāscī in cornua discit
arboris obnīxus truncō ventōsque lacessit
ictibus et sparsā ad pugnam prōlūdit harēnā.
So with all care he trains his strength, and lies stubbornly among hard rocks on a bed unstrewn, fed on prickly leaves and sharp sedge, and he tests himself and learns to put his anger into his horns, butting at a tree-trunk, and he challenges the winds with his blows, and paws the sand as prelude to the fight.
Georg. 3.235Post ubi collēctum rōbur vīrēsque refectae
signa movet praecepsque oblītum fertur in hostem:
flūctus utī mediō coepit cum albēscere pontō
longius ex altōque sinum trahit, utque volūtus
ad terrās immāne sonat per saxa neque ipsō
240monte minor prōcumbit, at īma exaestuat unda
verticibus nigramque altē subiectat harēnam.
Afterwards, when his strength is gathered and his powers restored, he moves his standards and rushes headlong at the foe who has forgotten him: as a wave, when it has begun to whiten far out in mid-sea, draws its curve from the deep, and rolling to land roars monstrously among the rocks, and falls no smaller than a mountain itself, while the water below boils up in eddies and tosses black sand on high.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (173 words)
sed, conj.but
nōn, adv.not
ūllus, -a, -umany
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
industria, -ae f.diligence, hard work
firmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstrengthen, secure
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
caecus, -a, -umblind
stimulus, -ī m.goad; in Caesar an iron spike set in the ground
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
amor, -ōris, m.love
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus, m. and f.ox, bull, cow
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
equus, -ī, m.horse
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ideō (adv.)for that reason, therefore
taurus, -ī, m.bull
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
sōlus, -a, -umalone
relēgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussend away, remove; banish
pāscuum, -ī n.pasture
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
mōns, montis, m.mountain
oppōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusset against, place opposite
trāns, prep. with acc.across, over
flūmen, -minis, n.river
lātus, -a, -umbroad, wide
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
intus (adv.)inside, within
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
satur, -ura, -urumfull, well-fed, sated; rich, deep (of colour)
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
praesaepe, -is n.stall, enclosure; (of bees) hive
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
carpō, -ere, -sī, -tuspluck
enim, conj.for
paulātim (adv.)little by little, gradually
ūrō, ūrere, ussī, ūstusburn
que, enclitic conj.and
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
fēmina, -ae, f.woman
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
nemus, -oris n.grove, wood
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
meminī, meminisseremember
herba, -ae, f.herb, plant
dulcis, -esweet
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
inlecebra, -ae f.enticement, lure, charm
saepe, adv.often, frequently
superbus, -a, -umproud, arrogant, haughty
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
subigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctusbring under, subdue; force, compel
dēcernō, -ere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētumdecide, decree
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslove
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
fōrmōsus, -a, -umbeautiful
iuvenca, -ae f.heifer, young cow
alternō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdo by turns; hesitate, waver between choices
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
lavō, -āre, lāvī, lautuswash; passive: bathe
āter, ātra, ātrumblack, dark; gloomy
corpus, corporis, n.body
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
obnītor, -ī, -nīxus sumpush or strain against; struggle, resist
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
vāstus, -a, -umwaste, huge, enormous, vast
cum, prep, with abl.with
gemitus, -ūs m.groan, sigh
reboō, -ārere-echo, resound; bellow back
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
bellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwage war, fight
ūnātogether, along
stabulō, -ārehave a stall, be housed
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
longē, adv.far
ignōtus, -a, -umunknown
exulō (exsulō), -āre, -āvīlive in exile, be banished
ōra, -ae f.coast, shore
gemō, -ere, -uī, -itusgroan; lament
ignōminia, -ae f.disgrace, dishonor
plāga, -ae f.blow, wound; affliction, illness
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
tum, adv.then, at that time
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend away, lose
inultus, -a, -umunavenged; unpunished
stabulum, -ī, n.standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure
aspectō (adspectō), -ārelook at, gaze at; (of a place) face, overlook
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
avītus, -a, -umof a grandfather, ancestral, inherited
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
omnis, -eall, every
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
exerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitusexercise
dūrus, -a, -umhard; harsh; difficult
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
pernīx, -īcisswift, nimble
īnsternō, -ere, -strāvī, -strātusspread over, cover
saxum, -ī, n.rock, stone
cubīle, -is n.bed, resting place
frōns, frontis, f.forehead
hirsūtus, -a, -umshaggy, bristly, rough
carex, -icis f.sedge, rush
acūtus, -a, -umsharp, pointed
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātusbe angry
discō, discere, didicīlearn
arbor, -oris, f.tree
truncus, -ī m.tree trunk
ventus, -ī, m.wind
lacessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītumprovoke, harass
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsusscatter, sprinkle
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
prōlūdō, -ere, -lūsī, -lūsuspractise beforehand, rehearse for a fight
harēna, -ae, f.sand; shore
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake anew, renew, repair
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
praeceps, -cipitisheadlong
oblīvīscor, -līvīscī, -lītusforget
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
flūctus, -ūs m.wave
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
albēscō, -eregrow white, grow light (of dawn)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
altum, -ī n.the deep, the open sea; a height
sinus, -ūs, m.bosom, lap
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
volvō, -ere, volvī, volūtusroll, turn over; ponder (multa sēcum volvere)
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
immānis, -ehuge, enormous; savage
sonō, -āre, sonuī, sonitusmake a sound, sound
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
prōcumbō, -ere, -cubuī, -cubitumfall down, sink down
at, conj.but
īmus, -a, -umlowest (ab īmō: from the bottom)
exaestuō, -āre, -āvīboil up, be scorched, burn with heat
unda, -ae, f.wave
vertex, -icis m.top of the head, crown; summit
niger, nigra, nigrumblack
altē (adv.)high; deep
subiectō, -ārethrow up from below; put underneath
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.