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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 3.179–208

Training the young horse

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Georg. 3.179Sīn ad bella magis studium turmāsque ferōcīs,
180aut Alphēa rotīs praelābī flūmina Pīsae
et Iovis in lūcō currūs agitāre volantīs:
prīmus equī labor est, animōs atque arma vidēre
bellantum lituōsque patī tractūque gementem
ferre rotam et stabulō frēnōs audīre sonantīs;
But if your desire is rather for war and fierce squadrons, or to glide on wheels by Alpheus, river of Pisa, and drive flying chariots in the grove of Jupiter: the horse's first task is to see the spirit and arms of warriors, to endure trumpets, to bear the wheel groaning as it is dragged, and to hear bridles jingling in the stable;
Georg. 3.185tum magis atque magis blandīs gaudēre magistrī
laudibus et plausae sonitum cervīcis amāre.
then more and more to delight in the coaxing praises of its trainer and to love the sound of its neck being patted.
Georg. 3.187Atque haec iam prīmō dēpulsus ab ūbere mātris
audeat, inque vicem det mollibus ōra capistrīs
invalidus etiamque tremēns, etiam īnscius aevī.
And let him dare these things as soon as he is weaned from his mother's udder, and offer his mouth in turn to soft halters, while still weak and even trembling, even ignorant of life.

Georg. 3.190At tribus exāctīs ubi quarta accesserit aestās,
carpere mox gȳrum incipiat gradibusque sonāre
compositīs sinuetque alterna volūmina crūrum
sitque labōrantī similis;
But when three summers are past and the fourth has come, let him soon begin to run the ring and make his paces ring in measured time, and bend his legs in alternate curves, and look like one labouring;
Georg. 3.193tum cursibus aurās,
tum vocet, ac per aperta volāns ceu līber habēnīs
195aequora vix summā vestīgia pōnat harēnā;
then let him challenge the breezes to a race, and flying over the open plains as if free of reins, scarcely set his footprints on the surface of the sand;
Georg. 3.196quālis Hyperboreīs Aquilō cum dēnsus ab ōrīs
incubuit, Scythiaeque hiemēs atque ārida differt
nūbila: tum segetēs altae campīque natantēs
lēnibus horrēscunt flābrīs summaeque sonōrem
200dant silvae longīque urgent ad lītora flūctūs;
as when the north wind swoops down in strength from Hyperborean shores, and scatters the Scythian storms and dry clouds: then the deep corn and the waving plains shiver under gentle gusts, the tops of the forests give out a sound, and long waves press towards the shores;
Georg. 3.201ille volat simul arva fugā, simul aequora verrēns
Hinc vel ad Ēlēī mētās et maxuma campī
sūdābit spatia et spūmās aget ōre cruentās,
Belgica vel mollī melius feret esseda collō.
he flies, sweeping fields and seas alike in his flight. Such a horse will either sweat at the turning-posts and vast course of the Elean plain and fling bloody foam from his mouth, or better draw the Belgic war-chariot with his gentle neck.

Georg. 3.205Tum dēmum crassā magnum farrāgine corpus
crēscere iam domitīs sinitō: namque ante domandum
ingentīs tollent animōs prēnsīque negābunt
verbera lenta patī et dūrīs pārēre lupātīs.
Only then, when they are broken, allow their great body to grow with thick mash: for before taming they will rear up in high spirits, and when caught will refuse to endure the pliant lash and to obey the hard curb.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×4, ablative absolute ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (156 words)
sīn (conj.)but if
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
bellum, -ī, n.war
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
turma, -ae f.troop, squadron of cavalry
que, enclitic conj.and
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
rota, -ae f.wheel
praelābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sumglide past, flow past
flūmen, -minis, n.river
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
lūcus, -ī m.sacred grove
currus, -ūs, m.chariot, car
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrusfly
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
equus, -ī, m.horse
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
bellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwage war, fight
lituus, -ī m.the augur's curved staff
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
tractus, -ūs m.a drawing out; stretch, extent; line (of trees)
gemō, -ere, -uī, -itusgroan; lament
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
stabulum, -ī, n.standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure
frēnum, -ī n.bridle, rein
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
sonō, -āre, sonuī, sonitusmake a sound, sound
tum, adv.then, at that time
blandus, -a, -umcoaxing, caressing, charming
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
magister, -trī, m.master
laus, laudis f.praise, glory
plaudō, -ere, plausī, plausumclap, strike, beat
sonitus, -ūs, m.sound, noise
cervīx, -īcis f.neck (often pl.)
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslove
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
iam, adv.now, already
prīmō, adv.at first
dēpellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive off or away, drive
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ūber, -eris n.teat, breast
māter, mātris, f.mother
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
mollis, -esoft, weak
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
capistrum, -ī n.halter, muzzle
invalidus, -a, -umweak, infirm
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
tremō, -ere, -uītremble, shake
īnscius, -a, -umnot knowing, unaware
aevum, -ī n.age, lifetime; old age
at, conj.but
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
quartus, -a, -umfourth
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
aestās, -tātis, f.summer
carpō, -ere, -sī, -tuspluck
mox, adv.soon
gȳrus, -ī m.circle, ring; circuit, wheeling course
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
gradus, -ūs m.step, stage; rank
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
sinuō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, curve, coil
alternus, -a, -umone after the other, alternating
volūmen, -inis n.roll (of writing), book
crūs, crūris, n.leg
labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslabor, toil
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
cursus, -ūs, m.running, speed; course, route, voyage; race
aura, -ae, f.air, breeze
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
apertus, -a, -umopen
ceu (adv.)as, like, just as
līber, lībera, līberumfree
habēna, -ae f.rein
aequor, -oris n.level surface; the sea
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
harēna, -ae, f.sand; shore
quālis, -eof what sort? what kind of?
Hyperboreus, -a, -umof the far north, Hyperborean
aquilō, -ōnis m.the north wind; the north-east wind
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
ōra, -ae f.coast, shore
incumbō, -ere, -cubuī, -cubitumlean on; throw oneself into, devote oneself to
hiems, hiemis f.winter
āridus, -a, -umdry; as a noun (āridum, -ī n.): dry land
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātumdiffer; scatter, put off
nūbilum, -ī n.cloud (usually pl.: the clouds)
seges, -etis f.field of grain, standing crop
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
natō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusswim, float
lēnis, -egentle
horrēscō, -ere, horruīshudder, begin to tremble (at)
flābrum, -ī n.(usu. pl.) blasts of wind, breezes
sonor, -ōris m.sound, noise, din
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
lītus, lītoris, n.shore
flūctus, -ūs m.wave
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
arvum, -ī n.ploughed field, field
fuga, -ae, f.flight
verrō, -ere, versussweep
hinc, adv.from this place, hence
velor; vel … vel: either … or
Ēlēus, -a, -umof Elis; Olympic
mēta, -ae f.turning-post; goal, end point
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
sūdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussweat, perspire; ooze, exude; toil
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
spūma, -ae f.foam
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
cruentus, -a, -umbloody, blood-stained
Belgicus, -a, -umof the Belgae; Gallia Belgica: the province of Belgic Gaul
bene, adv.well; successfully
essedum, -ī n.war chariot (of the Britons and Gauls)
collum, -ī, n.neck
dēmum, adv.at last
farrāgō, -inis f.mixed fodder, mash
corpus, corporis, n.body
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
domō, -āre, -uī, -itustame, subdue, master
sinō, -ere, sīvī, situsallow, permit, let
namque, conj.for
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
prēndō, -ere, prēndī, prēnsumgrasp, take hold of
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
verber, -eris n.lash, whip; (pl.) a flogging
lentus, -a, -umslow, sluggish
dūrus, -a, -umhard; harsh; difficult
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
lupātum, -ī n.a jagged bit (for horses)
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.