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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 1.424–465

Weather signs from moon and sun

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Georg. 1.424Sī vērō sōlem ad rapidum lūnāsque sequentīs
425ōrdine respiciēs, numquam tē crāstina fallet
hōra neque īnsidiīs noctis capiēre serēnae.
But if you look to the swift sun and the moons that follow in order, never will tomorrow's hour deceive you, nor will you be caught by the snares of a cloudless night.
Georg. 1.427Lūna, revertentīs cum prīmum colligit ignīs,
sī nigrum obscūrō conprenderit āera cornū,
maxumus agricolīs pelagōque parābitur imber;
When the Moon first gathers her returning fires, if she encloses dark air within a dim horn, a mighty rain is being prepared for farmers and the sea;
Georg. 1.430at sī virgineum suffūderit ōre rubōrem,
ventus erit;
but if she spreads a maiden blush over her face, there will be wind;
Georg. 1.431ventō semper rubet aurea Phoebē.golden Phoebe always reddens with wind. Georg. 1.432Sīn ortū quartō, namque is certissimus auctor,
pūra neque obtūnsīs per caelum cornibus ībit,
tōtus et ille diēs et quī nāscentur ab illō
435exāctum ad mēnsem pluviā ventīsque carēbunt,
vōtaque servātī solvent in lītore nautae
Glaucō et Panopēae et Īnōō Melicertae.
But if at her fourth rising (for that is the surest guide) she goes clear through the sky with horns unblunted, that whole day and those that will be born from it, to the month's end, will be free of rain and winds, and sailors, saved, will pay their vows on the shore to Glaucus and Panopea and Melicertes, son of Ino.

Georg. 1.438Sōl quoque et exoriēns et cum sē condet in undās
signa dabit;
The Sun too, both rising and when he hides himself in the waves, will give signs;
Georg. 1.439sōlem certissima signa sequuntur,
440et quae māne refert et quae surgentibus astrīs.
the surest signs attend the Sun, both those he brings back at morning and those at the rising of the stars.
Georg. 1.441Ille ubi nāscentem maculīs variāverit ortum
conditus in nūbem mediōque refūgerit orbe,
suspectī tibi sint imbrēs;
When he has dappled his early rising with spots, hidden in cloud, and shrunk back in the middle of his disc, beware of showers;
Georg. 1.443namque urget ab altō
arboribusque satīsque Notus pecorīque sinister.
for the South Wind presses from the deep, baleful to trees and crops and flock.
Georg. 1.445Aut ubi sub lūcem dēnsa inter nūbila sēsē
dīversī rumpent radiī aut ubi pallida surget
Tīthōnī croceum linquēns Aurōra cubīle,
heu male tum mītīs dēfendet pampinus ūvās:
tam multa in tēctīs crepitāns salit horrida grandō.
Or when towards dawn his rays break out scattered among thick clouds, or when Aurora rises pale, leaving the saffron bed of Tithonus, alas, poorly then will the vine-leaf protect the mellowing grapes: so thick the bristling hail leaps rattling on the roofs.

Georg. 1.450Hoc etiam, ēmēnsō cum iam dēcēdit Olympō,
prōfuerit meminisse magis;
This also, when he is already departing, having traversed the sky, it will profit you still more to remember;
Georg. 1.451nam saepe vidēmus
ipsīus in voltū variōs errāre colōrēs:
caeruleus pluviam dēnūntiat, igneus Eurōs;
for often we see various colours wander over his face: dark blue foretells rain, fiery the East Winds;
Georg. 1.454sīn maculae incipient rutilō inmiscērier ignī,
455omnia tum pariter ventō nimbīsque vidēbis
fervēre.
but if spots begin to mingle with the ruddy fire, then you will see everything alike seething with wind and storm clouds.
Georg. 1.456Nōn illā quisquam mē nocte per altum
īre, neque ā terrā moneat convellere fūnem.
On such a night let no one urge me to go over the deep, or to tear my mooring-rope from the land.
Georg. 1.458At sī, cum referetque diem condetque relātum,
lūcidus orbis erit, frūstrā terrēbere nimbīs
460et clārō silvās cernēs Aquilōne movērī.
But if, both when he brings back the day and when he hides it once brought back, his disc is bright, you will be alarmed by storm clouds in vain, and will see the woods sway in a clear North Wind.

Georg. 1.461Dēnique quid vesper sērus vehat, unde serēnās
ventus agat nūbēs, quid cōgitet hūmidus Auster,
sōl tibi signa dabit.
In short, what late evening brings, from where the wind drives clear clouds, what the moist South Wind is plotting, the sun will give you signs.
Georg. 1.463Sōlem quis dīcere falsum
audeat.
Who would dare to call the sun false?
Georg. 1.464Ille etiam caecōs īnstāre tumultūs
465saepe monet fraudemque et operta tumēscere bella.
He also often warns that hidden uprisings threaten, and that treachery and secret wars are swelling.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×2, indirect statement ×5

Latin vocabulary for this passage (188 words)
sī, conj.if
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
rapidus, -a, -umswift; consuming, fierce
lūna, -ae f.moon
que, enclitic conj.and
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
respiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumlook back
numquam, adv.never
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
crāstinus, -a, -umof tomorrow; in crāstinum (diem): on the next day
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
hōra, -ae, f.hour
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. plur.ambush; plot, stratagem
nox, noctis, f.night
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
serēnus, -a, -umclear, calm, fair
revertor, -vertī, -versus, perf. act. -vertīturn back, return
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
ignis, -is, m.fire
niger, nigra, nigrumblack
obscūrus, -a, -umdark
comprehendō, -prehendere, -prehendī, -prehēnsusseize, catch
āēr, āeris, m.air
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
agricola, -ae m.farmer, tiller of the soil
pelagus, -ī n.the sea, the open sea
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
at, conj.but
virgineus, -a, -umof a maiden, virgin
suffundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsumpour beneath; suffuse, tinge (with a blush)
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
rubor, -ōris m.redness, a blush
ventus, -ī, m.wind
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
semper, adv.always
rubeō, -ērebe red, blush
aureus, -a, -umof gold, golden
sīn (conj.)but if
ortus, -ūs m.rising (ortus sōlis: sunrise)
quartus, -a, -umfourth
namque, conj.for
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
pūrus, -a, -umclean, pure; (of land) clear, unbuilt
obtundō, -ere, -tudī, -tūsumblunt; obtūsus: blunt
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
mēnsis, -is m.month
pluvia, -ae f.rain
careō, -ēre, -uībe without, lack (+ abl.)
vōtum, -ī n.vow; wish, prayer
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtusloosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
lītus, lītoris, n.shore
nauta, -ae, m.sailor
Īnōus, -a, -umof Ino; Inous Palaemon: Ino's son, a sea-god
quoque, adv.also
exorior, -orīrī, -ortusarise from, spring up, rise
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
condō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput together, found; store away
unda, -ae, f.wave
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
māne, adv.in the morning, early in the morning
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctusrise, get up, stand up
astrum, -ī n.star; (pl.) the heavens
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
macula, -ae f.spot, blotch, stain
variō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusvary; differ, disagree
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
refugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee back, run away, retreat
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
suspectus, -a, -umsuspected, mistrusted
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
altum, -ī n.the deep, the open sea; a height
arbor, -oris, f.tree
satum, -ī n. (usu. pl. sata)sown field, crop
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
sinister, -tra, -trumleft
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
lūx, lūcis, f.light
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
nūbilum, -ī n.cloud (usually pl.: the clouds)
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptusbreak, burst
radius, -ī m.rod, spoke; ray, beam (of light)
pallidus, -a, -umpale, pallid
croceus, -a, -umsaffron-coloured, yellow
linquō, -ere, līquīleave
aurōra, -ae f.dawn
cubīle, -is n.bed, resting place
heu (interj.)alas! oh!
male, adv.badly, ill
tum, adv.then, at that time
mītis, -emild, gentle (adv. mītissimē: as gently as possible)
dēfendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusward off; defend
pampinus, -ī m.vine shoot, vine leaf
ūva, -ae f.grape; bunch of grapes
tam, adv.so
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
tēctum, -ī n.roof; house
crepitō, -ārerustle, crackle
saliō, -īre, saluī, saltumleap, jump; (of the pulse) beat
horridus, -a, -umrough, wild, frightening
grandō, -inis f.hail
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
ēmētior, -īrī, ēmēnsus summeasure out; travel over, traverse; live through
iam, adv.now, already
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
meminī, meminisseremember
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
nam, conj.for
saepe, adv.often, frequently
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
vultus, -ūs m.face, expression
varius, -a, -umvarious
errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswander, stray; be mistaken
color, -ōris, m.color
caeruleus, -a, -umdark blue
dēnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumannounce, declare; warn
igneus, -a, -umof fire, fiery, burning
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
immisceō, -ēre, -miscuī, -mixtusmix in; (reflexive) vanish into, mingle with
omnis, -eall, every
pariter (adv.)equally, alike; at the same time
nimbus, -ī m.rain-cloud, storm-cloud
ferveō, -ēreboil; glow, burn
nōn, adv.not
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
convellō, -ere, -vellī, -vulsumtear away, wrench loose; shatter
fūnis, -is m.rope, cable
lūcidus, -a, -umbright, shining; clear
frūstrā, adv.in vain
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētusdiscern, perceive, make out
aquilō, -ōnis m.the north wind; the north-east wind
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
vesper, vesperī, m.evening
sērus, -a, -umlate
vehō, vehere, vexī, vectuscarry
unde, adv.whence
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
ūmidus, -a, -umwet, damp, moist
auster, -trī m.the south wind
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
falsus, -a, -umfeigned, pretended, false
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
caecus, -a, -umblind
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
operiō, -īre, -uī, -ertuscover
tumēscō, -ere, -tumuīswell, begin to swell; swell with anger or war
bellum, -ī, n.war
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.