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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 1.351–392

Signs of coming wind and rain

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Georg. 1.351Atque haec ut certīs possēmus discere signīs,
aestūsque pluviāsque et agentīs frīgora ventōs,
ipse Pater statuit, quid mēnstrua Lūna monēret,
quō signō caderent austrī, quid saepe videntēs
355agricolae propius stabulīs armenta tenērent.
And so that we might learn these things by sure signs, heat and rain and the winds that bring cold, the Father himself decreed what the monthly Moon should warn, at what sign the south winds should drop, what sight, seen often, should make farmers keep their herds nearer the stalls.
Georg. 1.356Continuō ventīs surgentibus aut freta pontī
incipiunt agitāta tumēscere et āridus altīs
montibus audīrī fragor aut resonantia longē
lītora miscērī et nemorum incrēbrēscere murmur.
At once, when winds are rising, either the straits of the sea begin to toss and swell, and a dry crashing to be heard on the high mountains, or the shores, echoing far, to be thrown into confusion, and the murmur of the woods to grow louder.
Georg. 1.360Iam sibi tum ā curvīs male temperat unda carīnīs,
cum mediō celerēs revolant ex aequore mergī
clamōremque ferunt ad lītora, cumque marīnae
in siccō lūdunt fulicae notāsque palūdēs
dēserit atque altam suprā volat ardea nūbem.
Already then the wave scarcely holds back from the curved keels, when the swift divers fly back from mid-sea and carry their cry to the shores, and when the sea-coots play on dry land, and the heron leaves its familiar marshes and flies above the high cloud.

Georg. 1.365Saepe etiam stellās ventō inpendente vidēbis
praecipitīs caelō lābī noctisque per umbram
flammārum longōs ā tergō albēscere tractūs;
Often too, when wind threatens, you will see stars fall headlong from the sky, and through the shadow of night long trails of flame grow white behind them;
Georg. 1.368saepe levem paleam et frondēs volitāre cadūcās
aut summā nantīs in aquā collūdere plūmās.
often light chaff and fallen leaves flutter, or feathers floating on the surface of the water play together.
Georg. 1.370At Boreae dē parte trucis cum fulminat et cum
Eurīque Zephyrīque tonat domus: omnia plēnīs
rūra natant fossīs atque omnis nāvita pontō
Hūmida vēla legit.
But when it lightens from the quarter of the savage North Wind, and when the home of the East and West Winds thunders, all the countryside swims with brimming ditches and every sailor on the sea furls his wet sails.
Georg. 1.373Numquam inprūdentibus imber
obfuit: aut illum surgentem vallibus īmīs
375āëriae fūgēre gruēs, aut būcula caelum
suspiciēns patulīs captāvit nāribus aurās,
aut argūta lacūs circumvolitāvit hirundō
et veterem in līmō rānae cecinēre querēlam.
Never has rain harmed the unwarned: either the airy cranes have fled it as it rises from the valley floor, or the heifer, looking up at the sky, has caught the breezes with wide nostrils, or the shrill swallow has flitted round the lakes, and the frogs in the mud have croaked their ancient complaint.

Georg. 1.379Saepius et tēctīs penetrālibus extulit ōva
380angustum formīca terēns iter et bibit ingēns
arcus et ē pāstū dēcēdēns agmine magnō
corvōrum increpuit dēnsīs exercitus alīs.
More often too the ant, wearing a narrow path, has brought her eggs out of her inner chambers, and the great rainbow has drunk, and an army of rooks, leaving their pasture in a long column, has clamoured with crowded wings.
Georg. 1.383Iam variae pelagī volucrēs et quae Asia circum
dulcibus in stagnīs rīmantur prāta Caystrī,
385certātim largōs umerīs īnfundere rōrēs:
nunc caput obiectāre fretīs, nunc currere in undās
et studiō incassum videās gestīre lavandī.
Now the various birds of the sea, and those that search the Asian meadows around the sweet pools of Caystrus, you may see eagerly pouring copious spray over their shoulders, now ducking their heads into the waves, now running into the water, and revelling in a vain zeal for bathing.
Georg. 1.388Tum cornīx plēnā pluviam vocat inproba vōce
et sōla in siccā sēcum spatiātur harēnā.
Then the wicked crow calls for rain with full voice and stalks alone by herself on the dry sand.

Georg. 1.390Nē nocturna quidem carpentēs pēnsa puellae
nescīvēre hiemem, testā cum ārdente vidērent
scintillāre oleum et putrīs concrēscere fungōs.
Not even girls spinning their nightly tasks have failed to know of a storm, when they saw the oil sputter in the burning lamp and crumbling mould gather on the wick.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×4, gerunds and gerundives ×1, indirect statement ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (212 words)
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
discō, discere, didicīlearn
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
aestus, -ūs m.heat; tide
que, enclitic conj.and
pluvia, -ae f.rain
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
frīgus, -oris n.cold
ventus, -ī, m.wind
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
pater, patris, m.father
statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtuscause to stand; decide, resolve
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
mēnstruus, -a, -ummonthly
lūna, -ae f.moon
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
auster, -trī m.the south wind
saepe, adv.often, frequently
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
agricola, -ae m.farmer, tiller of the soil
propius (comp. adv. and prep. + acc.)nearer, closer (to)
stabulum, -ī, n.standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure
armentum, -ī n.herd (of cattle)
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
continuō (adv.)at once, immediately
surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctusrise, get up, stand up
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
fretum, -ī, n.strait
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
tumēscō, -ere, -tumuīswell, begin to swell; swell with anger or war
āridus, -a, -umdry; as a noun (āridum, -ī n.): dry land
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
mōns, montis, m.mountain
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
fragor, -ōris m.crash, din
resonō, -āre, -āvīresound, echo
longē, adv.far
lītus, lītoris, n.shore
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
nemus, -oris n.grove, wood
incrēbrēscō, -ere, -bruīgrow stronger, increase
murmur, -uris n.murmur, muttering
iam, adv.now, already
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
tum, adv.then, at that time
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
curvus, -a, -umcurved, bent
male, adv.badly, ill
temperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum (ab + abl.)refrain (from)
unda, -ae, f.wave
carīna, -ae f.keel; hull
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
celer, celeris, celereswift, quick
revolō, -āre, -āvīfly back
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
aequor, -oris n.level surface; the sea
mergus, -ī m.a diving bird, gull
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
marīnus, -a, -umof the sea, marine
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
siccus, -a, -umdry; (n. as noun) dry land
lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsumplay; mock, deceive
fulica, -ae f.coot (a water bird)
nōtus, -a, -umknown, well-known, famous
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.above, before
volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrusfly
ardea, -ae f.heron
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
stēlla, -ae f.star
impendeō, -ērehang over, overhang
praeceps, -cipitisheadlong
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
lābor, lābī, lapsusslip, glide, fall
nox, noctis, f.night
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
flamma, -ae, f.flame
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
tergum, -ī, n.back
albēscō, -eregrow white, grow light (of dawn)
tractus, -ūs m.a drawing out; stretch, extent; line (of trees)
levis, -elight, slight
palea, -ae f.chaff, straw
frōns, frondis f.leafy branch, foliage
volitō, -āre, -āvīfly about; flit, swagger about
cadūcus, -a, -umfalling, fallen; doomed
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
nō, nāre, nāvīswim
aqua, -ae, f.water
collūdō, -ere, -lūsī, -lūsumplay together, sport
plūma, -ae f.feather, down
at, conj.but
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
trux, trucissavage, fierce, grim
fulminō, -āre, -āvīhurl lightning; flash, strike like lightning
cum, prep, with abl.with
tonō, -āre, -uīthunder; (trans.) call out in a thundering voice
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
omnis, -eall, every
plēnus, -a, -umfull
rūs, rūris n.the country, countryside; (pl.) fields
natō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusswim, float
fossa, -ae, f.ditch, trench
nāvita, -ae m.sailor, boatman (poetic for nauta)
ūmidus, -a, -umwet, damp, moist
vēlum, -ī n.sail
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
numquam, adv.never
imprūdēns, -entisoff guard, unaware
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
obsum, -esse, -fuībe against, harm (with dat.)
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
vallis, -is, f.valley
īmus, -a, -umlowest (ab īmō: from the bottom)
āerius, -a, -umairy; high, lofty
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
grūs, gruis f.crane (the bird)
būcula, -ae f.heifer, young cow
suspīciō, -ōnis, f.suspicion
patulus, -a, -umwide open, spreading
captō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry to catch, grasp at, aim at
nāris, -is f.nostril; (pl.) nose
aura, -ae, f.air, breeze
argūtus, -a, -umclear-sounding, shrill, rustling; sharp, clever
lacus, -ūs, m.lake
circumvolitō, -āre, -āvīfly round, hover about
hirundō, -inis f.swallow
vetus, veterisold, former
līmus, -ī, m.mud
rāna, -ae f.frog
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantussing; of a trumpet: sound (receptuī canere: sound the retreat)
querēla, -ae f.complaint, lament
tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctuscover
penetrālis, -einner, innermost
efferō, -ferre, extulī, ēlātumcarry out, bring out
ōvum, -ī n.egg
angustus, -a, -umnarrow, cramped
formīca, -ae f.ant
terō, -ere, trīvī, trītusrub, wear away; tempus terere: waste time
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
bibō, bibere, bibīdrink
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
arcus, -ūs, m.bow
pāstus, -ūs m.feeding, grazing; pasture, food
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
corvus, -ī m.raven
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
ala, -ae, f.wing
varius, -a, -umvarious
pelagus, -ī n.the sea, the open sea
volucris, -is, f.bird
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
Asius, -ī m.; Āsius, -a, -umAsius, a Trojan warrior; (adj.) Asian, of the Asian marsh by the Cayster
circum, prep. with acc.around
dulcis, -esweet
stagnum, -ī n.pool, standing water
rīmor, -ārī, -ātus sumprobe, search into
prātum, -ī n.meadow
certātim (adv.)eagerly, vying with one another
largus, -a, -umabundant, plentiful; generous
umerus, -ī, m.shoulder
īnfundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour in or upon
rōs, rōris m.dew; sprinkled water
nunc, adv.now
caput, capitis, n.head
obiectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthrow in the way, expose
currō, currere, cucurrī, cursusrun
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
incassum (adv.)in vain, to no purpose
gestiō, -īre, -īvībe eager, long (to: + inf.)
lavō, -āre, lāvī, lautuswash; passive: bathe
cornīx, -īcis f.crow
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
improbus, -a, -umwicked, shameless; persistent, relentless; as noun: rogue
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
sōlus, -a, -umalone
spatior, -ārī, -ātus sumwalk about, stroll; wander
harēna, -ae, f.sand; shore
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
nocturnus, -a, -umof night, nocturnal; nocturnum tempus, night-time
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
carpō, -ere, -sī, -tuspluck
pēnsum, -ī n.weight of wool for spinning; task; nihil pēnsī habēre: care nothing for
puella, -ae, f.girl, maiden
nesciō, -scīre, -scīvīnot know, be ignorant; nesciō quis, I know not who, some one or other (nesciō is thus used with other interrogative words also)
hiems, hiemis f.winter
testa, -ae f.piece of broken pottery, potsherd
ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsusbe on fire, burn
scintillō, -āresparkle, throw out sparks
oleum, -ī n.olive oil, oil
puter, putris, putrerotten, decaying; crumbling, loose (soil)
concrēscō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusharden, set; concrētus: clotted, matted
fungus, -ī m.mushroom, fungus; a snuff on a lamp-wick
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.