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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 1.311–350

Autumn storms and Ceres' rites

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Georg. 1.311Quid tempestātēs autumnī et sīdera dīcam,
atque, ubi iam breviorque diēs et mollior aestās,
quae vigilanda virīs.
Why should I speak of autumn's storms and stars, and, when the day is now shorter and the summer softer, what men must watch for?
Georg. 1.313vel cum ruit imbriferum vēr,
spīcea iam campīs cum messis inhorruit et cum
315frūmenta in viridī stipulā lactentia turgent.
or when showery spring rushes down, when the bearded harvest has already bristled in the fields and when the milky corn swells on its green stalk?
Georg. 1.316Saepe ego, cum flāvīs messōrem indūceret arvīs
agricola et fragilī iam stringeret hordea culmō,
omnia ventōrum concurrere proelia vīdī,
quae gravidam lātē segetem ab rādīcibus īmīs
320sublīmem expulsam ēruerent;
Often, when the farmer was bringing the reaper into his golden fields and was already stripping the barley on its brittle stalk, I have seen all the battles of the winds clash together, to tear up the heavy crop far and wide from its deepest roots, flung up on high;
Georg. 1.320ita turbine nigrō
ferret hiems culmumque levem stipulāsque volantīs.
so would the storm with its black whirlwind carry off the light stalk and the flying stubble.

Georg. 1.322Saepe etiam inmēnsum caelō venit agmen aquārum
et foedam glomerant tempestātem imbribus ātrīs
collēctae ex altō nūbēs;
Often too a vast column of waters comes in the sky, and clouds gathered from the deep roll together a foul storm with black rains;
Georg. 1.324ruit arduus aethēr
325et pluviā ingentī sata laeta boumque labōrēs
dīluit;
the steep sky rushes down and with mighty rain washes away the glad crops and the labours of oxen;
Georg. 1.326inplentur fossae et cava flūmina crēscunt
cum sonitū fervetque fretīs spīrantibus aequor.
the ditches fill and the hollow rivers swell with a roar, and the sea seethes in its heaving straits.
Georg. 1.328Ipse pater mediā nimbōrum in nocte corusca
fulmina mōlītur dextrā;
The Father himself, in the midnight of the storm clouds, wields his thunderbolts with flashing right hand;
Georg. 1.329quō maxuma mōtū
330terra tremit;
at that motion the vast earth trembles;
Georg. 1.330fūgēre ferae et mortālia corda
per gentīs humilīs strāvit pavor;
the beasts have fled, and through the nations humbling fear has laid mortal hearts low;
Georg. 1.331ille flagrantī
aut Athōn aut Rhodopēn aut alta Ceraunia tēlō
dēicit;
he with his blazing bolt strikes down Athos or Rhodope or the high Ceraunians;
Georg. 1.333ingeminant austrī et dēnsissimus imber;the south winds redouble, and the rain falls densest; Georg. 1.334nunc nemora ingentī ventō, nunc lītora plangunt.now the woods, now the shores wail under the mighty wind.

Georg. 1.335Hoc metuēns caelī mēnsēs et sīdera servā,
frīgida Sāturnī sēsē quō stella receptet,
quōs ignis caelō Cyllēnius erret in orbīs.
Fearing this, watch the months and stars of heaven, where Saturn's cold star withdraws itself, into what circles the Cyllenian fire wanders in the sky.
Georg. 1.338In prīmīs venerāre deōs atque annua magnae
sacra refer Cererī laetīs operātus in herbīs
340extrēmae sub cāsum hiemis, iam vērē serēnō.
Above all worship the gods, and pay great Ceres her yearly rites, sacrificing on the glad grass at the very end of winter, when spring is already clear.
Georg. 1.341Tum pinguēs agnī et tum mollissima vīna,
tum somnī dulcēs dēnsaeque in montibus umbrae.
Then lambs are fat and wines most mellow, then sleep is sweet and shadows thick on the mountains.
Georg. 1.343Cūncta tibi Cererem pūbēs agrestis adōret;Let all your country youth worship Ceres; Georg. 1.344cui tū lacte favōs et mītī dīlue Bacchō,
345terque novās circum fēlīx eat hostia frūgēs,
omnis quam chorus et sociī comitentur ovantēs,
et Cererem clamōre vocent in tēcta;
for her dilute honeycombs with milk and mild wine, and let the lucky victim go three times around the new crops, and let the whole chorus and your comrades accompany it rejoicing, and call Ceres into their homes with shouting;
Georg. 1.347neque ante
falcem mātūrīs quisquam suppōnat aristīs,
quam Cererī tortā redimītus tempora quercū
350det mōtūs incompositōs et carmina dīcat.
and let no one put his sickle to the ripe ears before, his temples bound with twisted oak, he dances artless dances in honour of Ceres and sings songs.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1, ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (205 words)
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
tempestās, -tātis, f.weather; storm, tempest
autumnus, -ī m.autumn
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
sīdus, -eris n.star, constellation
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
iam, adv.now, already
brevis, -eshort
que, enclitic conj.and
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
mollis, -esoft, weak
aestās, -tātis, f.summer
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
vigilō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstay awake, keep watch; be watchful
vir, virī, m.man
velor; vel … vel: either … or
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrusrush
imbrifer, -fera, -ferumrain-bringing, rainy
vēr, vēris n.spring
spīceus, -a, -ummade of ears of grain
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
cum, prep, with abl.with
messis, -is f.harvest, harvest time
inhorrēscō, -ere, -horruībristle, shiver, quiver
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
viridis, -egreen
stipula, -ae f.stalk; stubble
lacteō, -ērebe full of milk; (pres. part.) full of milky sap, young and soft
turgeō, -ēre, tursīswell, be swollen
saepe, adv.often, frequently
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
flāvus, -a, -umyellow, golden
messor, -ōris m.reaper, harvester
indūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductuslead in or on, move, excite
arvum, -ī n.ploughed field, field
agricola, -ae m.farmer, tiller of the soil
fragilis, -eeasily broken, frail, fragile
stringō, stringere, strinxī, strictusdraw, unsheathe
hordeum, -ī n.barley
culmus, -ī m.stalk, stem; straw, thatch
omnis, -eall, every
ventus, -ī, m.wind
concurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun, rush, or dash together
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
gravidus, -a, -umpregnant
lātēwidely
seges, -etis f.field of grain, standing crop
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
rādīx, -īcis f.root; (of a hill) foot
īmus, -a, -umlowest (ab īmō: from the bottom)
sublīmis, -ehigh, lofty; in sublīme: up on high
expellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive out, expel
ēruō, -ere, -ruī, -rutusdig out; overthrow, destroy
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
turbō, turbinis, m.whirlwind, hurricane
niger, nigra, nigrumblack
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
hiems, hiemis f.winter
levis, -elight, slight
volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrusfly
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
immēnsus (inmēnsus), -a, -umimmeasurable, boundless, vast
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
aqua, -ae, f.water
foedus, -a, -umfoul, loathsome, hideous
glomerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgather into a ball, mass together
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
āter, ātra, ātrumblack, dark; gloomy
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
altum, -ī n.the deep, the open sea; a height
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
arduus, -a, -umsteep, difficult
aethēr, -eris m. (acc. aethera)the upper air, the sky
pluvia, -ae f.rain
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
satum, -ī n. (usu. pl. sata)sown field, crop
laetus, -a, -umglad, joyful
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus, m. and f.ox, bull, cow
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
dīluō, -ere, -luī, -lūtumwash away, dissolve
impleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētumfill; fulfil, complete
fossa, -ae, f.ditch, trench
cavus, -a, -umhollow
flūmen, -minis, n.river
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
sonitus, -ūs, m.sound, noise
ferveō, -ēreboil; glow, burn
fretum, -ī, n.strait
spīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbreathe; (of wind) blow
aequor, -oris n.level surface; the sea
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
pater, patris, m.father
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
nimbus, -ī m.rain-cloud, storm-cloud
nox, noctis, f.night
coruscus, -a, -umquivering; flashing
fulmen, -inis n.thunderbolt, lightning
mōlior, -īrī, -ītus sumwork at, contrive, plot
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
tremō, -ere, -uītremble, shake
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
fera, -ae, f.wild animal, beast
mortālis, -emortal
cor, cordis n.heart
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
sternō, -ere, strāvī, strātusspread out; furnish with couches (of a room)
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
flagrō, -āre, -āvīblaze, burn; be inflamed (with: abl.)
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow down, cast, drive out of one's course
ingeminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumredouble
auster, -trī m.the south wind
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
nunc, adv.now
nemus, -oris n.grove, wood
lītus, lītoris, n.shore
plangō, -ere, plānxī, plānctusbeat (the breast in grief); lament, mourn
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
mēnsis, -is m.month
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
frīgidus, -a, -umcold
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
stēlla, -ae f.star
receptō, -ārepull back, draw out again; take back in, receive
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
ignis, -is, m.fire
Cyllēnius, -a, -umof Cyllene, the Arcadian mountain where Mercury was born; (m. as noun) Mercury
errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswander, stray; be mistaken
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
veneror, -ārī, -ātus sumworship, revere
deus, -ī, m.god
annuus, -a, -umfor a year, yearly
sacrum, -ī n.sacred object or rite; sacra: rites, worship
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
operor, -ārī, -ātus sumwork, be at work; be active
herba, -ae, f.herb, plant
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
vērē (adv.)truly, really
serēnus, -a, -umclear, calm, fair
tum, adv.then, at that time
pinguis, -efat
agnus, -ī m.lamb
vīnum, -ī, n.wine
somnus, -ī, m.sleep, drowsiness
dulcis, -esweet
mōns, montis, m.mountain
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
cūnctus, -a, -umall, the whole
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
pūbēs, -erisadult, grown-up (of men of military age)
agrestis, -eof the country, rustic; boorish
adōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusworship, bow down to; entreat
lāc, lactis, n.milk
favus, -ī m.honeycomb
mītis, -emild, gentle (adv. mītissimē: as gently as possible)
ter (adv.)three times
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
circum, prep. with acc.around
fēlīx, -īcisfortunate, lucky, happy
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
hostia, -ae f.sacrificial victim
frūx, frūgis f. (usu. pl.)crops, produce
chorus, -ī m.dance in a ring; band of dancers
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
comitor, -ārī, -ātus sumaccompany, follow
ovō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumrejoice, exult; celebrate a minor triumph
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
tēctum, -ī n.roof; house
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
falx, falcis, f.sickle; curved sword, falchion
mātūrus, -a, -umripe
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
suppōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or put under
arista, -ae f.ear of grain, beard of grain
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortusturn
redimiō, -īre, -iī, -ītuswreathe, crown with a garland
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
quercus, -ūs f.oak tree
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
incompositus, -a, -umdisordered, irregular; rough, artless
carmen, -minis, n.song, charm
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.