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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 1.231–256

The zones of heaven

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Georg. 1.231Idcircō certīs dīmēnsum partibus orbem
per duodēna regit mundī Sōl aureus astra.
For this reason the golden Sun rules the world, measured out in fixed parts, through the twelve constellations of the heavens.
Georg. 1.233Quīnque tenent caelum zōnae;Five zones hold the sky; Georg. 1.233quārum ūna coruscō
semper sōle rubēns et torrida semper ab ignī;
of which one is always red with the flashing sun and always scorched by fire;
Georg. 1.235quam circum extrēmae dextrā laevāque trahuntur
caeruleae, glaciē concrētae atque imbribus ātrīs;
around it the outermost ones stretch, to right and left, dark blue, frozen with ice and black rains;
Georg. 1.237hās inter mediamque duae mortālibus aegrīs
mūnere concessae dīvom, et via secta per ambās,
oblīquus quā sē signōrum verteret ōrdō.
between these and the middle one, two have been granted to feeble mortals by the gift of the gods, and a path is cut through both, where the slanting order of the signs might turn.
Georg. 1.240Mundus, ut ad Scythiam Rhipaeāsque arduus arcēs
cōnsurgit, premitur Libyae dēvexus in austrōs.
The world, as it rises steep towards Scythia and the Rhipaean heights, slopes down and sinks towards the south winds of Libya.

Georg. 1.242Hic vertex nōbīs semper sublīmis;This pole is always high above us; Georg. 1.242at illum
sub pedibus Styx ātra videt Mānēsque profundī.
but that one black Styx and the deep shades below see beneath their feet.
Georg. 1.244Maximus hīc flexū sinuōsō ēlābitur Anguis
245circum perque duās in mōrem flūminis Arctōs,
Arctōs Oceanī metuentīs aequore tinguī.
Here the huge Serpent glides out in winding coils around and between the two Bears like a river, the Bears that fear to be dipped in the surface of Ocean.
Georg. 1.247Illīc, ut perhibent, aut intempesta silet nox,
semper et obtentā dēnsentur nocte tenebrae,
aut redit ā nōbīs Aurōra diemque redūcit;
There, as they say, either the dead of night is silent and the darkness is ever thickened under its mantle of night, or Dawn returns from us and brings back the day;
Georg. 1.250nōsque ubi prīmus equīs Oriēns adflāvit anhēlīs,
illīc, sēra rubēns accendit lūmina Vesper.
and when the rising Sun first breathes on us with panting horses, there glowing Vesper kindles his late lights.
Georg. 1.252Hinc tempestātēs dubiō praediscere caelō
possumus, hinc messisque diem tempusque serendī,
et quandō īnfīdum remīs inpellere marmor
255conveniat, quandō armātās dēdūcere classīs,
aut tempestīvam silvīs ēvertere pīnum.
From this we can foretell the weather when the sky is doubtful, from this the day of harvest and the time of sowing, and when it is fitting to strike the treacherous marble of the sea with oars, when to launch armed fleets, or to fell the pine in the woods in its due season.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (130 words)
idcircō (adv.)for that reason
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
dīmētior, -īrī, dīmēnsus summeasure out (perfect participle often passive)
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
duodēnī, -ae, -atwelve each, twelve at a time
regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctumguide, steer, rule
mundus, -ī m.world, universe
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
aureus, -a, -umof gold, golden
astrum, -ī n.star; (pl.) the heavens
quīnquefive
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
zōna, -ae f.belt, girdle
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
coruscus, -a, -umquivering; flashing
semper, adv.always
rubeō, -ērebe red, blush
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
torridus, -a, -umparched, scorched, burning hot
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ignis, -is, m.fire
circum, prep. with acc.around
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
laevus, -a, -umleft; ad laevam (manum): on the left
que, enclitic conj.and
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
caeruleus, -a, -umdark blue
glaciēs, -ēī f.ice
concrēscō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusharden, set; concrētus: clotted, matted
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
āter, ātra, ātrumblack, dark; gloomy
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
mortālis, -emortal
aeger, -gra, -grumsick, ill; as noun, a sick man
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
dīvus, -ī m. (gen. pl. also dīvum, dīvom)god
via, -ae, f.road, way
secō, -āre, secuī, sectuscut; (of fodder) mow
ambō, -ae, -ōboth
oblīquus, -a, -umslanting, sideways, oblique
quā, adv.in which place, where
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
Rhipaeus (Rhiphaeus), -a, -umof the Rhipaean mountains in the far north; northern
arduus, -a, -umsteep, difficult
arx, arcis f.citadel, stronghold
cōnsurgō, -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctusrise together, stand up
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
dēvexus, -a, -umsloping downward, steep
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
auster, -trī m.the south wind
vertex, -icis m.top of the head, crown; summit
nōsplur. of ego
sublīmis, -ehigh, lofty; in sublīme: up on high
at, conj.but
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
pēs, pedis, m.foot
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
mānēs, -ium, m. plur.spirit, shade
profundus, -a, -umdeep
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
flexus, -ūs m.bend, winding, curve; turning point
sinuōsus, -a, -umwinding, full of curves, coiling
ēlābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sumslip away, escape
anguis, -is, m. and f.serpent, snake
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
flūmen, -minis, n.river
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
aequor, -oris n.level surface; the sea
tinguō (tingō), -ere, tīnxī, tīnctumdip, wet, bathe
illīc (adv.)there
perhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold out, present; testimōnium perhibēre: bear witness
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
intempestus, -a, -umunseasonable; nox intempesta: the dead of night
sileō, -ēre, -uībe silent; pass over in silence
nox, noctis, f.night
obtendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentusspread before, draw over as a screen; (pass.) lie opposite
dēnseō, -ēremake thick, close up, pack together
tenebrae, -ārum f. pl.darkness
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
aurōra, -ae f.dawn
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
redūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead or bring back; restore
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
equus, -ī, m.horse
oriēns, -entis m.the rising sun; the East
afflō (adflō), -āre, -āvī, -ātumbreathe on
anhēlus, -a, -umpanting, out of breath
sērus, -a, -umlate
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
lūmen, -minis, n.light
vesper, vesperī, m.evening
hinc, adv.from this place, hence
tempestās, -tātis, f.weather; storm, tempest
dubius, -a, -umdoubtful, uncertain
praediscō, -ere, -didicīlearn beforehand
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
messis, -is f.harvest, harvest time
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
serō, serere, sēvī, satussow, plant
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
īnfīdus, -a, -umunfaithful, treacherous
rēmus, -ī, m.oar
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive or urge on, incite, urge
marmor, -oris n.marble; a marble statue
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
armātus, -a, -umarmed
dēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead down or away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to draw down or launch a ship
classis, -is f.fleet
tempestīvus, -a, -umtimely; convīvium tempestīvum: a party that starts early (before the usual hour)
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
ēvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusoverturn, overthrow, destroy
pīnus, -ūs or -ī f.pine tree; (poetic) a ship
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.