| possum, posse, potuī | be able, have power, can |
| multus, -a, -um | much, great; plur., many |
| tū, tuī, pers. pron. | thou, you |
| vetus, veteris | old, former |
| praeceptum, -ī n. | instruction, order |
| referō, referre, rettulī, relātus | bring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia |
| nī (conj.) | if not, unless (= nisi) |
| refugiō, -fugere, -fūgī | flee back, run away, retreat |
| tenuis, -e | thin |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| piget, -ēre, piguit (impers.) | it irks, it displeases (the person in acc., the cause in gen.) |
| cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus | find out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know |
| cūra, -ae f. | care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern) |
| ārea, -ae f. | open space, site, building plot |
| cum, prep, with abl. | with |
| prīmus, -a, -um | first, foremost |
| ingēns, -gentis, adj. | huge, vast |
| aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | make equal |
| cylindrus, -ī m. | a roller, cylinder |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| vertō, vertere, vertī, versus | turn |
| manus, -ūs, f. | hand |
| crēta, -ae f. | chalk; white clay |
| solidō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make solid or firm, consolidate |
| tenāx, -ācis | holding fast, clinging (+ gen.) |
| nē, adv. | not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest |
| subeō, -īre, -iī, -itus | go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure |
| herba, -ae, f. | herb, plant |
| nēve or neu, conj. | and that not, and not, nor |
| pulvis, -eris m. | dust |
| vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum | conquer, defeat |
| fatīscō, -ere | gape open, split apart |
| tum, adv. | then, at that time |
| varius, -a, -um | various |
| inlūdō, -ere, -lūsī, -lūsus | mock, make sport of (+ dat.) |
| pestis, -is f. | plague, pest; ruin, destruction |
| saepe, adv. | often, frequently |
| exiguus, -a, -um | small, scanty, short |
| mūs, mūris m. | mouse, rat |
| sub, prep. with acc. and abl. | under; sub vesperum, towards evening |
| terra, -ae, f. | land, earth |
| pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus | place, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on |
| domus, -ūs, f. | house, home |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| horreum, -ī n. | granary, storehouse |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factus | make, do; iter facere, see iter |
| aut, conj. | or; aut ... aut, either ... or |
| oculus, -ī, m. | eye |
| capiō, capere, cēpī, captus | take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt |
| fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus | dig |
| cubīle, -is n. | bed, resting place |
| talpa, -ae f. (m. in Virgil) | mole |
| inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus | come upon, find |
| cavus, -a, -um | hollow |
| būfō, -ōnis m. | toad |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| mōnstrum, -ī, n. | wonder, monster |
| ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus | bear, bring |
| populō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | lay waste, plunder |
| fār, farris, n. | grain; meal |
| acervus, -ī m. | heap, pile |
| curculiō, -ōnis m. | weevil, corn-worm |
| inops, -opis | poor, needy |
| metuō, -ere, metuī | fear, be afraid of |
| formīca, -ae f. | ant |
| senecta, -ae f. | old age (poetic) |
| contemplor, -ārī, -ātus sum | look at closely, gaze at, contemplate |
| item | likewise, also |
| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| nux, nucis f. | nut |
| silva, -ae, f. | wood, forest |
| induō, induere, induī, indūtus | put on; clothe |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| flōs, flōris m. | flower |
| rāmus, -ī, m. | branch, bough |
| curvō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | bend, curve |
| oleō, -ēre, -uī | smell, give off a smell |
| sī, conj. | if |
| superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | overcome, defeat, conquer |
| fētus, -ūs m. | offspring, young; fruit, produce (of plants) |
| pariter (adv.) | equally, alike; at the same time |
| frūmentum, -ī, n. | grain |
| sequor, sequī, secūtus | follow |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus | come |
| trītūra, -ae f. | threshing |
| calor, -ōris, m. | heat |
| at, conj. | but |
| luxuria, -ae f. | luxury |
| folium, -ī n. | leaf |
| exūberō, -āre | overflow, surge up; abound |
| umbra, -ae, f. | shadow, shade |
| nēquīquam (adv.) | in vain, without reason |
| pinguis, -e | fat |
| palea, -ae f. | chaff, straw |
| terō, -ere, trīvī, trītus | rub, wear away; tempus terere: waste time |
| culmus, -ī m. | stalk, stem; straw, thatch |
| sēmen, sēminis n. | seed |
| videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus | see; pass., seem |
| equidem (adv.) | indeed, truly; for my part |
| medicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | drug, steep in medicine |
| serō, serere, sēvī, satus | sow, plant |
| nitrum, -ī n. | soda, natron |
| prius, adv. | before, first |
| niger, nigra, nigrum | black |
| perfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsus | pour over, drench; fill (with a feeling) |
| amurca, -ae f. | the dregs of pressed olive oil |
| grandis, -e | large, big |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| siliqua, -ae f. | a pod, husk; (pl.) pulse |
| fallāx, -ācis | deceitful, treacherous |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| quamvīs (adv.) | however much, as … as you like |
| ignis, -is, m. | fire |
| properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | hasten |
| madeō, -ēre, -uī | be wet |
| legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus | choose, pick out; read |
| diū, adv. | for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp |
| spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | look at or on |
| labor, -ōris, m. | labor, toil |
| dēgenerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | fall away from one's breed, degenerate; dēgenerātum: degeneracy |
| tamen, adv. | however, yet, nevertheless |
| vīs, vīs, f. | violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main |
| hūmānus, -a, -um | of man, human |
| quot (indecl.) | how many |
| annus, -ī, m. | year |
| quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron. | each |
| sīc, adv. | so, thus |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| fātum, -ī, n. | destiny, fate |
| malus, -a, -um | bad |
| ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrus | rush |
| retrō (adv.) | backwards, behind, from behind |
| sublābor, -ī, -lāpsus sum | slip away, ebb, sink |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| aliter, adv. | in another way, otherwise, differently |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| adversus, -a, -um | facing; unfavourable, unsuccessful |
| vix, adv. | with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely |
| flūmen, -minis, n. | river |
| lembus, -ī m. | a small boat, skiff |
| rēmigium, -ī n. | rowing; oars; (of wings) oarage |
| subigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus | bring under, subdue; force, compel |
| bracchium, -ī, n. | arm |
| forte, adv. | by chance, accidentally |
| remittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum | send back; give up, remit |
| ille, illa, illud, dem. pron. | that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc |
| praeceps, -cipitis | headlong |
| prōnus, -a, -um | leaning forward; inclined, prone (to) |
| rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tus | seize, snatch |
| alveus, -ī m. | hollow vessel; trough, tub; river bed |
| amnis, -is m. | river |