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Eclogues 10

Consolation for Gallus in love

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Ecl. 10.1Extrēmum hunc, Arethūsa, mihi concēde labōrem:
pauca meō Gallō, sed quae legat ipsa Lycōris,
carmina sunt dīcenda.
Grant me this last labour, Arethusa: a few songs must be sung for my Gallus, but such as Lycoris herself may read.
Ecl. 10.3neget quis carmina Gallō?who would refuse songs to Gallus? Ecl. 10.4sīc tibi, cum flūctūs subterlābēre Sicānōs,
5Dōris amāra suam nōn intermisceat undam.
So, when you glide beneath the Sicilian waves, may bitter Doris not mingle her water with yours.
Ecl. 10.6incipe;begin; Ecl. 10.6sollicitōs Gallī dīcāmus amōrēs,
dum tenera attondent sīmae virgulta capellae.
let us tell of the troubled loves of Gallus, while the snub-nosed goats crop the tender shrubs.
Ecl. 10.8nōn canimus surdīs;we do not sing to deaf ears; Ecl. 10.8respondent omnia silvae.the woods answer everything. Ecl. 10.9Quae nemora, aut quī vōs saltūs habuēre, puellae
10Nāidēs, indignō cum Gallus amōre perībat?
What groves, or what glades held you, Naiad maidens, when Gallus was dying of an unworthy love?
Ecl. 10.11nam neque Parnāsī vōbīs iuga, nam neque Pindī
ūlla moram fēcēre, neque Aoniae Aganippē.
for neither the ridges of Parnassus nor of Pindus delayed you, nor Aonian Aganippe.
Ecl. 10.13Illum etiam laurī, etiam flēvēre myrīcae.Even the laurels wept for him, even the tamarisks.

Ecl. 10.14Pīnifer illum etiam sōlā sub rūpe iacentem
15Maenalus, et gelidī flēvērunt saxa Lycaeī.
Even pine-bearing Maenalus and the rocks of cold Lycaeus wept for him as he lay beneath a lonely crag.
Ecl. 10.16Stant et ovēs circum;—nostrī nec poenitet illās,
nec tē poeniteat pecoris, dīvīne poēta;—
et fōrmōsus ovīs ad flūmina pāvit Adōnis;
The sheep stand around too—they are not ashamed of us, nor should you be ashamed of the flock, divine poet—and lovely Adonis too fed sheep by the rivers;
Ecl. 10.19vēnit et ūpiliō;the shepherd came too; Ecl. 10.19tardī vēnēre subulcī;the slow swineherds came; Ecl. 10.20ūvidus hībernā vēnit dē glande Menalcās.Menalcas came, wet from gathering winter acorns. Ecl. 10.21Omnēs "Unde amor iste" rogant "tibi?"All ask, 'Where does this love of yours come from?' Ecl. 10.21Venit Apollo:
"Galle, quid īnsānīs?"
Apollo came: 'Gallus, why are you mad?'
Ecl. 10.22inquit;he says; Ecl. 10.22"tua cūra Lycōris
perque nivēs alium perque horrida castra secūta est."
'your darling Lycoris has followed another through snows and through rough camps.'
Ecl. 10.24Vēnit et agrestī capitis Silvānus honōre,
25flōrentīs ferulās et grandia līlia quassāns.
Silvanus came too, with rustic honours on his head, shaking flowering fennel-stalks and tall lilies.
Ecl. 10.26Pān deus Arcadiae vēnit, quem vīdimus ipsī
sanguineīs ebulī bācīs miniōque rubentem.
Pan, god of Arcadia, came, whom we ourselves saw, ruddy with blood-red elderberries and vermilion.

Ecl. 10.28"Ecquis erit modus?"'Will there be no end?' Ecl. 10.28inquit;he says; Ecl. 10.28"Amor nōn tālia cūrat;'Love cares nothing for such things; Ecl. 10.29nec lacrimīs crūdēlis Amor, nec grāmina rīvīs,
30nec cytisō saturantur apēs, nec fronde capellae."
cruel Love is never sated with tears, nor the grass with streams, nor bees with clover, nor goats with leaves.'
Ecl. 10.31Trīstis at ille: "Tamen cantābitis, Arcadēs," inquit
"montibus haec vestrīs: sōlī cantāre perītī
Arcadēs.
But he said sadly: 'Yet you will sing of this, Arcadians, to your mountains: Arcadians alone are skilled in song.
Ecl. 10.33Ō mihi tum quam molliter ossa quiēscant,
vestra meōs ōlim sī fistula dīcat amōrēs!
O how softly then would my bones rest, if your pipe should one day tell of my loves!
Ecl. 10.35Atque utinam ex vōbīs ūnus, vestrīque fuissem
aut custōs gregis, aut mātūrae vīnitor ūvae!
And would that I had been one of you, either keeper of your flock or gatherer of your ripe grapes!
Ecl. 10.37Certē, sīve mihi Phillis, sīve esset Amyntās,
seu quīcumque furor—quid tum, sī fuscus Amyntās;
Surely, whether Phyllis were my love, or Amyntas, or whatever my passion—what then, if Amyntas is dark;
Ecl. 10.39et nigrae violae sunt et vaccīnia nigra—
40mēcum inter salicēs lentā sub vīte iacēret;
violets too are dark, and hyacinths are dark—they would lie with me among the willows beneath the pliant vine;
Ecl. 10.41serta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantāret Amyntās.Phyllis would gather garlands for me, Amyntas would sing.

Ecl. 10.42Hīc gelidī fontēs, hīc mollia prāta, Lycōri,
hīc nemus;
Here are cool springs, here soft meadows, Lycoris, here a grove;
Ecl. 10.43hīc ipsō tēcum cōnsūmerer aevō.here with you I would be worn away by time alone. Ecl. 10.44Nunc īnsānus amor dūrī mē Mārtis in armīs
45tēla inter media atque adversōs dētinet hostēs:
tū procul ā patriā (nec sit mihi crēdere tantum!)
Alpīnās, ah dūra, nivēs et frīgora Rhēnī
mē sine sōla vidēs: ah, tē nē frīgora laedant!
Now mad love keeps me under the arms of harsh Mars, amid weapons and facing the enemy: you, far from your homeland (would that I need not believe it!), gaze, hard-hearted one, on Alpine snows and the frosts of the Rhine, alone, without me: ah, may the frosts not harm you!
Ecl. 10.49ah, tibi nē tenerās glaciēs secet aspera plantās!ah, may the sharp ice not cut your tender feet! Ecl. 10.50Ībō, et, Chalcidicō quae sunt mihi condita versū
carmina, pāstōris Siculī modulābor avēnā.
I will go, and the songs I have composed in Chalcidian verse I will play on the pipe of the Sicilian shepherd.
Ecl. 10.52certum est in silvīs, inter spēlaea ferārum
mālle patī, tenerīsque meōs incīdere amōrēs
arboribus;
I am resolved to choose rather to suffer in the woods, among the dens of wild beasts, and to carve my loves on the tender trees;
Ecl. 10.54crēscent illae, crēscētis, amōrēs.they will grow, and you, my loves, will grow with them.

Ecl. 10.55Intereā mīxtīs lūstrābō Maenala nymphīs,
aut ācrīs vēnābor aprōs: nōn mē ūlla vetābunt
frīgora Partheniōs canibus circumdare saltūs.
Meanwhile I will roam Maenalus with the nymphs in company, or hunt fierce boars: no frosts will stop me from ringing the Parthenian glades with hounds.
Ecl. 10.58iam mihi per rūpēs videor lūcōsque sonantīs
īre;
already I seem to be going over crags and through echoing groves;
Ecl. 10.59libet Parthō torquēre Cydōnia cornū
60spīcula:—tamquam haec sit nostrī medicīna furōris,
ut deus ille malīs hominum mītēscere discat!
I long to shoot Cydonian arrows from a Parthian bow:—as if this could be a cure for my madness, or that god could learn to soften at the woes of men!
Ecl. 10.62Iam neque hamadryades rūrsus nec carmina nōbīs
ipsa placent;
Now neither the Hamadryads nor songs themselves please me any longer;
Ecl. 10.63ipsae rūrsus concēdite silvae.even you, woods, once more, farewell. Ecl. 10.64nōn illum nostrī possunt mūtāre labōrēs,
65nec sī frīgoribus mediīs Hebrumque bibāmus,
Sithoniāsque nivēs hiemis subeāmus aquōsae,
nec sī, cum moriēns altā liber āret in ulmō,
Aethiopum versēmus ovīs sub sīdere Cancrī.
no labours of ours can change him, not if we were to drink the Hebrus in the midst of frosts and endure the Sithonian snows of watery winter, not if, when the dying bark withers on the tall elm, we were to herd the sheep of the Ethiopians beneath the star of Cancer.

Ecl. 10.69omnia vincit Amor;Love conquers all; Ecl. 10.69et nōs cēdāmus Amōrī."let us too yield to Love.' Ecl. 10.70Haec sat erit, dīvae, vestrum cecinisse poētam,
dum sedet et gracilī fiscellam texit hibiscō,
Pīeridēs;
This will be enough, goddesses, for your poet to have sung, while he sits and weaves a basket of slender mallow, Pierian Muses;
Ecl. 10.72vōs haec faciētis maxima Gallō—
Gallō, cuius amor tantum mihi crēscit in hōrās,
quantum vēre novō viridis sē subicit alnus.
you will make these songs of greatest worth to Gallus—Gallus, for whom my love grows hour by hour as much as the green alder shoots up in early spring.
Ecl. 10.75Surgāmus;Let us rise; Ecl. 10.75solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra;the shade is often harmful to singers; Ecl. 10.76iūniperī gravis umbra;the juniper's shade is harmful; Ecl. 10.76nocent et frūgibus umbrae.shade harms the crops too. Ecl. 10.77Īte domum saturae, venit Hesperus, īte capellae.Go home, my full-fed goats, the Evening Star is coming, go.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1, indirect statement ×1, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (292 words)
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
sed, conj.but
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
carmen, -minis, n.song, charm
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
sīc, adv.so, thus
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
flūctus, -ūs m.wave
subterlābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sumglide or flow beneath
Sicānus, -a, -umSicilian
amārus, -a, -umbitter
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
nōn, adv.not
intermisceō, -ēre, -miscuī, -mixtusmix in, mingle with
unda, -ae, f.wave
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
sollicitus, -a, -umtroubled, anxious
amor, -ōris, m.love
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
tener, -era, -erumyoung, tender
attondeō (adtondeō), -ēre, -tondī, -tōnsuscrop, nibble at; clip
sīmus, -a, -umsnub-nosed, flat-nosed
virgultum, -ī n.brushwood, thicket
capella, -ae f.she-goat, little goat
canō, -ere, cecinī, cantussing; of a trumpet: sound (receptuī canere: sound the retreat)
surdus, -a, -umdeaf
respondeō, -spondēre, -spondī, -spōnsusreply, answer
omnis, -eall, every
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
nemus, -oris n.grove, wood
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
vōsplur. of tū
saltus, -ūs m.wooded pass, forest glade, woodland
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
puella, -ae, f.girl, maiden
nāis, -idis (or nāias, -adis) f.naiad, a water-nymph (pl. nāides)
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
pereō, -īre, -ii, -itūruspass away, perish
nam, conj.for
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
ūllus, -a, -umany
mora, -ae, f.delay
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
Āonius, -a, -umAonian, of Aonia (Boeotia), the region around Thebes and Mount Helicon
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
laurus, -ī f.laurel, bay tree
fleō, -ēre, flēvī, flētumweep
myrīca, -ae f.tamarisk
pīnifer, -fera, -ferumpine-bearing, covered with pines
sōlus, -a, -umalone
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
rūpēs, -is, f.rock, cliff; reef
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
gelidus, -a, -umicy, ice-cold
saxum, -ī, n.rock, stone
Lycaeus, -a, -umLycaean, of Mount Lycaeus in Arcadia, sacred to Pan
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
ovis, -is, f.sheep
circum, prep. with acc.around
nōsplur. of ego
paenitet, -ēre, -uit (impers.)it repents, it grieves (paenitet mē: I regret, I am sorry)
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
dīvīnus, -a, -umdivine, of the gods
poēta, -ae, m.poet
fōrmōsus, -a, -umbeautiful
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
flūmen, -minis, n.river
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
ūpiliō (opiliō), -ōnis m.shepherd
tardus, -a, -umslow
subulcus, -ī m.swineherd
ūvidus, -a, -umwet, damp, dripping
hībernus, -a, -umwintry, of winter
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
glāns, glandis f.acorn; sling-bullet (of lead or clay)
unde, adv.whence
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask
īnsāniō, -īre, -īvībe mad, be out of one's mind
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
que, enclitic conj.and
nix, nivis, f.snow
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
horridus, -a, -umrough, wild, frightening
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
agrestis, -eof the country, rustic; boorish
caput, capitis, n.head
honor, -ōris, m.honor
flōrēns, -entisflourishing, prosperous
ferula, -ae f.giant fennel; a stick or cane (for punishment)
grandis, -elarge, big
līlium, -ī n.lily; in Caesar a pit with a sharpened stake, a 'lily'
quassō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshake, batter
deus, -ī, m.god
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
sanguineus, -a, -umbloody, blood-red
ebulum, -ī n.dwarf elder
bāca, -ae f.berry; olive
minium, -ī n.red lead, vermilion
rubeō, -ērebe red, blush
ecquis, ecquidis there any...? (ecquid: anything; in indirect questions, whether anything)
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
tālis, -esuch
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
lacrima, -ae, f.tear
crūdēlis, -ecruel
grāmen, -inis n.grass, turf
rīvus, -ī m.stream, brook
cytisus, -ī m./f.tree medick, a clover-like fodder shrub
saturō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfill, satisfy; passive: have one's fill
apis, -is f.bee
frōns, frondis f.leafy branch, foliage
trīstis, -esad, gloomy
at, conj.but
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
cantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussing
mōns, montis, m.mountain
vester, -tra, -trumyour
perītus, -a, -um (+ gen.)skilled, experienced (in)
ō (interj.)O! oh!
tum, adv.then, at that time
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
molliter (adv.)softly, gently; in comfort, luxuriously
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
quiēscō, -ere, quiēvī, quiētusrest, keep quiet
ōlim, adv.once upon a time, once, formerly, of old
sī, conj.if
fistula, -ae f.pipe, tube (for water)
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
utinam (adv.)if only, would that (with subjunctive)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
custōs, -ōdis m.guard
grex, gregis m.flock, herd; band, gang
mātūrus, -a, -umripe
vīnitor, -ōris m.vine-dresser, vineyard worker
ūva, -ae f.grape; bunch of grapes
certē (adv.)certainly, surely; at any rate
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumquewhoever, whatever
furor, -ōris, m.rage, fury, frenzy, madness
fuscus, -a, -umdark, dusky, swarthy
niger, nigra, nigrumblack
viola, -ae f.violet; violet colour
vaccīnium, -ī n.a dark flower or berry, perhaps hyacinth or bilberry
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
salix, -icis f.willow
lentus, -a, -umslow, sluggish
vītis, -is f.vine
sertum, -ī n. (usu. pl. serta)garland, wreath of flowers
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
fōns, fontis, m.fountain, spring
mollis, -esoft, weak
prātum, -ī n.meadow
cōnsūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake completely, use up, consume, spend
aevum, -ī n.age, lifetime; old age
nunc, adv.now
īnsānus, -a, -ummad, frantic
dūrus, -a, -umhard; harsh; difficult
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
dētineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentumhold back, detain
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
patria, -ae, f.fatherland, country
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
Alpīnus, -a, -umof the Alps, Alpine
ā (āh) (exclamation)ah! alas! (of grief, pity, reproach)
frīgus, -oris n.cold
sine, prep. with abl.without
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
laedō, -ere, laesī, laesushurt, injure; break (an oath)
glaciēs, -ēī f.ice
secō, -āre, secuī, sectuscut; (of fodder) mow
asper, -era, -erumrough, harsh; difficult
planta, -ae f.sole of the foot; a young shoot, plant
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
Chalcidicus, -a, -umof Chalcis, the Euboean city that founded Cumae
condō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput together, found; store away
versus, -ūs m.line (of writing), verse
pāstor, -tōris, m.shepherd
Siculus, -a, -umSicilian; fretum Siculum: the strait of Messina
modulor, -ārī, -ātus sumplay, sing, make music (in measure)
avēna, -ae f.oat; a reed or straw, a shepherd's pipe
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
spēlaeum, -ī n.cave, den
fera, -ae, f.wild animal, beast
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
incīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut into, cut through
arbor, -oris, f.tree
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
lūstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspurify by sacrifice; review (an army)
nympha, -ae, f.nymph
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
vēnor, -ārī, -ātus sumhunt
aper, aprī, m.wild boar
vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitumforbid
Parthenius, -ī m.Parthenius, a Trojan; (adj.) Parthenius, -a, -um: of Mount Parthenius in Arcadia
canis, -is, m. and f.dog
circumdō, -dare, -dedī, -datusput around, surround
iam, adv.now, already
lūcus, -ī m.sacred grove
sonō, -āre, sonuī, sonitusmake a sound, sound
libet, -ēre, libuit (impers.)it pleases; mihi libet: I like, I want
torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortusturn
Cydōnius, -a, -umof Cydonia in Crete; Cretan
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
spīculum, -ī n.point, sharp tip; dart, arrow
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
noster, -tra, -trumour
medicīna, -ae, f.art of healing, medicine
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
homō, hominis, m.man
mītēscō, -erebecome mild, grow gentle
discō, discere, didicīlearn
hamadryas, -adis f.a wood nymph living in a tree, hamadryad
rūrsus, adv.again
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
bibō, bibere, bibīdrink
Sithonius, -a, -umSithonian, Thracian
hiems, hiemis f.winter
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
aquōsus, -a, -umwatery, rainy
morior, morī, mortuusdie
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
liber, librī m.book; record
āreō, -ēre, āruībe dry; wither
ulmus, -ī f.elm
versō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusturn about; (pass. or reflexive) move about, be engaged
sīdus, -eris n.star, constellation
cancer, cancrī, m.crab
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
sat (indecl.)enough (= satis)
dīva, -ae f.goddess
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessussit
gracilis, -eslender, thin, fine
fiscella, -ae f.small wicker basket
texō, -ere, -uī, -tusweave
hibiscum, -ī n.marsh mallow; a switch of mallow
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
hōra, -ae, f.hour
quantum, adv.how much? how?
vēr, vēris n.spring
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
viridis, -egreen
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
alnus, -ī f.alder; a boat (made of alder)
surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctusrise, get up, stand up
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
iūniperus, -ī f.juniper
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitum (+ dat.)harm, hurt
frūx, frūgis f. (usu. pl.)crops, produce
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
satur, -ura, -urumfull, well-fed, sated; rich, deep (of colour)
Vergil, Eclogues. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.