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Tacitus · Historiae II

Histories 2.22

The first assault on Placentia

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Hist. 2.22.1Sed prīmus diēs impetū magis quam veterānī exercitūs artibus trānsāctus: apertī incautīque mūrōs subiēre, cibō vīnōque praegravēs.But the first day was spent in a headlong rush rather than with the skills of a veteran army: they came up to the walls exposed and careless, heavy with food and wine. Hist. 2.22.1In eō certāmine pulcherrimum amphitheātrī opus, situm extrā mūrōs, cōnflagrāvit, sīve ab obpugnātōribus incēnsum, dum facēs et glandīs et missilem ignem in obsessōs iaculantur, sīve ab obsessīs, dum regerunt.In that struggle a very beautiful amphitheatre, situated outside the walls, burned down, set on fire either by the attackers, while they hurled torches, shot and fire-missiles at the besieged, or by the besieged, while they threw them back. Hist. 2.22.1Mūnicipāle vulgus, prōnum ad suspīciōnēs, fraude inlāta ignis alimenta crēdidit ā quibusdam ex vīcīnīs colōniīs invidiā et aemulātiōne, quod nūlla in Ītaliā mōlēs tam capāx foret.The townspeople, prone to suspicion, believed that fuel for the fire had been treacherously brought in by certain people from neighbouring colonies out of envy and rivalry, because no building in Italy was so capacious. Hist. 2.22.1Quōcumque cāsū accidit, dum atrōciōra metuēbantur, in levī habitum, redditā sēcūritāte, tamquam nihil gravius patī potuissent, maerēbant.By whatever chance it happened, while worse things were feared it was thought a slight matter; when security was restored, they grieved as if they could have suffered nothing more grievous.

Hist. 2.22.1Cēterum multō suōrum cruōre pulsus Caecīna, et nox parandīs operibus absūmpta.However, Caecina was driven back with much bloodshed among his men, and the night was spent in preparing siege works. Hist. 2.22.1Vitelliānī pluteōs crātīsque et vīneās subfodiendīs mūrīs prōtegendīsque obpugnātōribus, Othōniānī sudīs et immēnsās lapidum ac plumbī aerisque mōlīs perfringendīs obruendīsque hostibus expediunt.The Vitellians got ready mantlets, hurdles and sheds for undermining the walls and protecting the attackers, the Othonians stakes and huge masses of stone, lead and bronze for breaking through and crushing the enemy. Hist. 2.22.1Utrimque pudor, utrimque glōria et dīversae exhortātiōnēs hinc legiōnum et Germānicī exercitūs rōbur, inde urbānae mīlitiae et praetōriārum cohortium decus attollentium;On both sides there was shame, on both sides a thirst for glory, and contrasting exhortations, as one side extolled the strength of the legions and the German army, the other the honour of the city soldiery and the praetorian cohorts; Hist. 2.22.1illī ut segnem et dēsidem et circō ac theātrīs corruptum mīlitem, hī peregrīnum et externum increpābant.the former abused the latter as idle, lazy soldiers corrupted by the circus and the theatres, the latter abused the former as foreigners and outsiders.

Hist. 2.22.1Simul Othōnem ac Vitellium celebrantēs culpantēsve ūberiōribus inter sē probrīs quam laudibus stimulābantur.At the same time, as they extolled or blamed Otho and Vitellius, they spurred one another on with insults more abundant than praises.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×5

Latin vocabulary for this passage (138 words)
sed, conj.but
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
veterānus, -a, -umveteran
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
ars, artis, f.art
trānsigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctuscarry through, finish, settle
apertus, -a, -umopen
incautus, -a, -umoff one's guard, careless
que, enclitic conj.and
mūrus, -ī, m.wall
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
cibus, -ī, m.food
vīnum, -ī, n.wine
praegravis, -every heavy; burdensome, oppressive; weighed down
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrumbeautiful
amphitheātrum, -ī n.amphitheatre
opus, operis, n.work, task
situs, -a, -umplaced, situated
extrā (prep. + acc.)outside, beyond
cōnflagrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumburn up, be on fire
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
oppugnātor, -ōris m.attacker, besieger
incendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsumset on fire, burn
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
fax, facis, f.torch, firebrand
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
glāns, glandis f.acorn; sling-bullet (of lead or clay)
missilis, -ethat can be thrown; (n. pl.) missiles
ignis, -is, m.fire
obsideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessusbeset, besiege
iaculor, -ārī, -ātus sumthrow, hurl
regerō, -ere, -gessī, -gestusthrow back, carry back; heap back
mūnicipālis, -eof a municipium, municipal; provincial, small-town
vulgus, -ī n.the common people, the crowd
prōnus, -a, -umleaning forward; inclined, prone (to)
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
suspīciō, -ōnis, f.suspicion
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
alimentum, -ī n.food, nourishment
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
vīcīnus, -ī m.neighbor
colōnia, -ae f.settlement, colony
invidia, -ae f.envy, jealousy, ill will
aemulātiō, -ōnis f.rivalry, the effort to equal someone
quod, conj.that, in that, because
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
mōlēs, -is f.mass; dam, breakwater
tam, adv.so
capāx, -ācisroomy, spacious; capable (of: gen.)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumquewhoever, whatever
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
atrōx, -ōcissavage, cruel, dreadful
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
levis, -elight, slight
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
sēcūritās, -ātis f.freedom from care, composure
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
maereō, -ēregrieve, be sad
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
cruor, -ōris m.blood (shed), gore
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
nox, noctis, f.night
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
absūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake away, consume, destroy
Vitelliānus, -a, -umof Vitellius; as noun, a Vitellian soldier
pluteus, -ī m.screen, breastwork (of wicker or boards)
crātis, -is f.wickerwork, hurdle
vīnea, -ae f.shed (a movable shelter for besiegers)
subfodiō, -ere, -fōdī, -fossusstab from beneath, dig under
prōtegō, -ere, -tēxī, -tēctuscover over, shield, protect
Othōniānus, -a, -umof Otho, Othonian; (m. pl. as noun) Otho's supporters
sudis, -is f.stake, pile
immēnsus (inmēnsus), -a, -umimmeasurable, boundless, vast
lapis, -idis, m.stone
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
plumbum, -ī n.lead (plumbum album: tin)
aes, aeris, n.copper, bronze
perfringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctumbreak through
obruō, -ere, -ruī, -rutusoverwhelm, bury, crush
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
utrimque, adv.on either side or both sides
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
glōria, -ae, f.glory
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
exhortātiō, -ōnis f.encouragement, exhortation
hinc, adv.from this place, hence
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
Germānicus, -a, -umGerman, of the Germans
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
inde (adv.)from there; then
urbānus, -a, -umof the city (Rome), urban
mīlitia, -ae f.military service
praetōrius, -a, -umof the commander (praetōria cohors: bodyguard)
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
decus, -oris n.honour, glory; what is fitting, propriety
attollō, -erelift up, raise
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
segnis, -eslow, sluggish, idle
dēses, -idisidle, inactive
circus, -ī m.circle; racecourse, circus (Circus Maximus)
theātrum, -ī n.theatre
corrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusspoil, ruin, destroy; bribe
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
peregrīnus, -ī, m.stranger, foreigner
externus, -a, -umoutside, foreign
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthrong; keep (a festival), celebrate
culpō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusblame
ūber, -eris (adj.)fertile, rich, abundant; laden (with fruit: abl.)
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
probrum, -ī n.disgrace, shame; probrō habērī: be counted a disgrace
laus, laudis f.praise, glory
stimulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgoad, spur on, incite
Tacitus, Historiae II. Latin text: C. D. Fisher, Cornelii Taciti Historiarum Libri (Oxford, 1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.