| postquam, conj. | later than, after, when |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| cōnspectus, -ūs, m. | sight |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| nox, noctis, f. | night |
| appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītus | draw near |
| vallō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | surround with a rampart; protect, fortify |
| castra, -ōrum, n. plur. | camp |
| placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.) | please (placuit eī: he decided) |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| labor, -ōris, m. | labor, toil |
| urbānus, -a, -um | of the city (Rome), urban |
| mīles, mīlitis, m. | soldier |
| īnsolitus, -a, -um | unaccustomed; unusual, strange |
| contundō, -ere, -tudī, -tūsum | crush, pound; subdue |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| tum, adv. | then, at that time |
| vetustus, -a, -um | old, ancient, long-established |
| quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron. | each |
| castīgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | punish, rebuke; correct, check |
| crēdulitās, -ātis f. | credulity, readiness to believe |
| suus, -a, -um | his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their |
| metus, -ūs m. | fear, dread |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| discrīmen, -crīminis, n. | crisis, peril, danger |
| ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus | stretch out before, show, explain |
| sī, conj. | if |
| cum, prep, with abl. | with |
| exercitus, -ūs, m. | army |
| pateō, -ēre, -uī | lie open; extend, stretch |
| campus, -ī, m. | plain, field |
| tam, adv. | so |
| paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj. | few |
| cohors, cohortis f. | cohort (a tenth of a legion); company |
| circumfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsus | pour around; (passive) crowd around, surround |
| iam, adv. | now, already |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| tōtus, -a, -um | all the, the whole or entire |
| modestus, -a, -um | moderate, restrained, modest |
| sermō, -ōnis, m. | conversation, talk, speech |
| īnserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertum | put in, insert |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| centuriō, -ōnis m. | centurion (officer commanding about 80 men) |
| tribūnus, -ī m. | tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion) |
| laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | praise |
| prōvidentia, -ae f. | foresight |
| dux, ducis, m. and f. | leader, commander |
| quod, conj. | that, in that, because |
| colōnia, -ae f. | settlement, colony |
| vīs, vīs, f. | violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main |
| ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -um | help; (pl.) resources, wealth, power |
| validus, -a, -um | strong |
| rōbur, rōboris, n. | oak |
| sēdēs, -is, f. | seat, abode |
| bellum, -ī, n. | war |
| legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus | choose, pick out; read |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron. | self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very |
| postrēmō (adv.) | finally, at last |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| culpa, -ae f. | fault, blame |
| exprobrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | reproach, rebuke, blame (someone) for |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| ratiō, -ōnis, f. | plan, means, method, manner; reason; account |
| relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictus | leave behind, leave |
| explōrātor, -ōris, m. | explorer, scout, spy |
| cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj. | the other, the remaining, the rest of |
| redūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus | lead or bring back; restore |
| minus, comp. adv. | less |
| turbidus, -a, -um | stormy, wild, confused |
| imperium, -ī, n. | command; sway, rule |
| accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus | take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer |
| solidō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make solid or firm, consolidate |
| mūrus, -ī, m. | wall |
| prōpugnāculum, -ī n. | bulwark, defence |
| addō, -ere, -didī, -ditus | add, put to |
| augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctum | increase, enlarge |
| turris, -is f. | tower; siege tower |
| prōvideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum | foresee; provide for |
| parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make ready, prepare |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| modo, adv. | only |
| sed, conj. | but |
| obsequium, -ī n. | compliance, obedience; service (to a god): obsequium praestāre Deō |
| pāreō, -ēre, -uī | obey |
| amor, -ōris, m. | love |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| sōlus, -a, -um | alone |
| ille, illa, illud, dem. pron. | that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| dēsum, deesse, dēfuī | be lacking, fail |
| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| virtūs, -tūtis, f. | manliness, courage, bravery |
| haud, adv. | not at all, by no means, not |
| paeniteō, -ēre, -uī | cause regret; impersonal: it causes regret (to) |