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Tacitus · Historiae I

Histories 1.81

The Rhoxolani defeated in Moesia

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Hist. 1.81.1Conversīs ad cīvīle bellum animīs externa sine cūrā habēbantur.With minds turned to civil war, foreign affairs were neglected. Hist. 1.81.1Eō audentius Rhoxolanī, Sarmatica gēns, priōre hieme caesīs duābus cohortibus, magnā spē Moesiam inrūperant, ad novem mīlia equitum, ex ferōciā et successū praedae magis quam pugnae intenta.All the more boldly the Rhoxolani, a Sarmatian people, having cut down two cohorts the previous winter, had burst into Moesia with high hopes, about nine thousand horsemen, intent, from their ferocity and success, on plunder rather than fighting. Hist. 1.81.1Igitur vagōs et incūriōsōs tertia legiō adiūnctīs auxiliīs repente invāsit.So, while they were roaming about and off their guard, the Third legion, with auxiliaries attached, suddenly attacked them. Hist. 1.81.1Apud Rōmānōs omnia proeliō apta: Sarmatae dispersī aut cupīdine praedae gravēs onere sarcinārum et lūbricō itinerum ademptā equōrum pernīcitāte velut vinctī caedēbantur.On the Roman side everything was suited for battle: the Sarmatians, scattered or, in their greed for plunder, weighed down by the burden of their packs, and robbed of their horses' speed by the slipperiness of the roads, were cut down as if in chains.

Hist. 1.81.1Namque mīrum dictū ut sit omnis Sarmatārum virtūs velut extrā ipsōs.For it is wonderful to tell how all the courage of the Sarmatians lies, as it were, outside themselves. Hist. 1.81.1Nihil ad pedestrem pugnam tam ignāvum: ubi per turmās advēnēre vix ūlla aciēs obstiterit.Nothing is so cowardly in fighting on foot: when they come on in squadrons, scarcely any battle line could withstand them. Hist. 1.81.1Sed tum ūmidō diē et solūtō gelū neque contī neque gladiī, quōs praelongōs utrāque manū regunt, ūsuī, lāpsantibus equīs et catafractārum pondere.But at that time, on a wet day and with the frost thawed, neither their lances nor their swords, which are very long and which they wield with both hands, were of any use, as their horses kept slipping and under the weight of their mail. Hist. 1.81.1Id prīncipibus et nōbilissimō cuique tegimen, ferreīs lamminīs aut praedūrō coriō cōnsertum, ut adversus ictūs impenetrābile ita impetū hostium prōvolūtīs inhabile ad resurgendum;This is the covering of their chiefs and all the noblest, made of iron plates or very hard leather fitted together, as impenetrable against blows as it is unwieldy for rising again when men are overthrown by the enemy's charge; Hist. 1.81.1simul altitūdine et mollitiā nivis hauriēbantur.at the same time they were swallowed up by the depth and softness of the snow.

Hist. 1.81.1Rōmānus mīles facilis lōrīcā et missilī pīlō aut lanceīs adsultāns, ubi rēs posceret, levī gladiō inermem Sarmatam (neque enim scūtō dēfendī mōs est) comminus fodiēbat, dōnec paucī quī proeliō superfuerant palūdibus abderentur.The Roman soldier, nimble in his breastplate, darting in with javelins thrown or with lances, and when the situation demanded, with his light sword, stabbed the defenceless Sarmatian at close quarters (for it is not their custom to protect themselves with a shield), until the few who had survived the battle hid themselves in the marshes. Hist. 1.81.1Ibi saevitiā hiemis aut vulnerum absūmptī.There they were destroyed by the severity of the winter or by their wounds. Hist. 1.81.1Postquam id Rōmae compertum, M. Aponius Moesiam obtinēns triumphālī statuā, Fulvus Aurēlius et Iūliānus Tettius ac Numisius Lupus, lēgātī legiōnum, cōnsulāribus ōrnāmentīs dōnantur, laetō Othōne et glōriam in sē trahente, tamquam et ipse fēlīx bellō et suīs ducibus suīsque exercitibus rem pūblicam auxisset.When this was known at Rome, Marcus Aponius, governor of Moesia, was granted a triumphal statue, and Fulvus Aurelius, Julianus Tettius and Numisius Lupus, legates of the legions, consular insignia, while Otho rejoiced and drew the glory to himself, as if he too had been lucky in war and had enlarged the state through his own generals and his own armies.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×8, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (171 words)
convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
bellum, -ī, n.war
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
externus, -a, -umoutside, foreign
sine, prep. with abl.without
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
audenter (adv.)boldly, confidently; (comp.) audentius: more boldly
Sarmaticus, -a, -umSarmatian, of the Sarmatians
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
hiems, hiemis f.winter
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
spēs, speī, f.hope
inrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusburst into or in
novem, indecl. adj.nine
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ferōcia, -ae f.fierceness, untamed spirit
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
successus, -ūs m.outcome, success
praeda, -ae, f.booty, spoil, plunder
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
intentus, -a, -umattentive, alert, watchful
igitur, conj.therefore
vagus, -a, -umwandering, roaming
incūriōsus, -a, -umcareless, indifferent, unconcerned (about)
tertius, -a, -umthird
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
repente (adv.)suddenly
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
omnis, -eall, every
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
dispergō, -ere, -spersī, -spersumscatter
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
cupīdō, -inis f. (in Sallust also m.)desire, longing, greed
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
onus, oneris n.load, weight
sarcina, -ae f.pack; (pl.) soldiers' kit
lūbricus, -a, -umslippery, smooth
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
adimō, -imere, -ēmī, -ēmptustake to oneself, take away
equus, -ī, m.horse
pernīcitās, -ātis f.swiftness, speed
veluteven or just as, as
vinciō, vincīre, vinxī, vinctusbind
namque, conj.for
mīrus, -a, -umwonderful, strange
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
extrā (prep. + acc.)outside, beyond
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
pedester, -tris, -treon foot, infantry (pedestrēs cōpiae: infantry)
tam, adv.so
ignāvus, -a, -umlazy, cowardly
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
turma, -ae f.troop, squadron of cavalry
adveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome to or toward, approach, arrive
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
ūllus, -a, -umany
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
obstō, -stāre, -stitīstand in the way, block, oppose (+ dat.)
sed, conj.but
tum, adv.then, at that time
ūmidus, -a, -umwet, damp, moist
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtusloosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
gelū, -ūs n.frost, cold, ice
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
contus, -ī m.pole
gladius, -ī, m.sword
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
praelongus, -a, -umvery long
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
manus, -ūs, f.hand
regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctumguide, steer, rule
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
lāpsō, -ārekeep slipping, stumble
catafracta (cataphracta), -ae f.coat of scale-armour; heavy armour of mailed cavalry
pondus, ponderis, n.weight
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
nōbilis, -ewell-known, noble
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
tegimen (tegumen), -inis n.covering, protection
ferreus, -a, -umof iron, iron
lāmina (lammina), -ae f.thin plate of metal, leaf, sheet
praedūrus, -a, -umvery hard, very tough
corium, -ī, n.hide, leather
cōnserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertusjoin, fasten together; manum (manūs) cōnserere: come to blows, engage
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
impenetrābilis, -eimpenetrable, that cannot be pierced
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
prōvolvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtusroll forward, roll over
inhabilis, -eunwieldy, awkward; unsuited (to)
resurgō, -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctumrise again, rise from the dead
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
altitūdō, -inis f.height; depth
mollitia, -ae f.softness; weakness, lack of spirit
nix, nivis, f.snow
hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustusdraw
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
lōrīca, -ae f.breastplate; breastwork, parapet
missilis, -ethat can be thrown; (n. pl.) missiles
pīlum, -ī n.javelin (the Roman heavy spear)
lancea, -ae f.lance, spear
adsultō (assultō), -āreleap at, attack, make sallies against
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
poscō, poscere, poposcīask, demand
levis, -elight, slight
inermis, -eunarmed
enim, conj.for
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
dēfendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusward off; defend
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
comminus (adv.)hand to hand, at close quarters
fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossusdig
dōnec (conj.)until; while, as long as
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput away, hide
ibi, adv.in that place, there
saevitia, -ae f.fierceness, cruelty
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
absūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake away, consume, destroy
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
comperiō, -īre, comperī, compertumfind out, learn
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
triumphālis, -etriumphal; triumphālia ōrnāmenta: the insignia of a triumph
statua, -ae f.statue
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
ōrnāmentum, -ī n.honour, distinction; ornament
dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumgive; present (someone with something)
laetus, -a, -umglad, joyful
glōria, -ae, f.glory
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
fēlīx, -īcisfortunate, lucky, happy
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
que, enclitic conj.and
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
Tacitus, Historiae I. Latin text: C. D. Fisher, Cornelii Taciti Historiarum Libri (Oxford, 1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.