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Tacitus · Historiae I

Histories 1.69

Caecina provokes the Helvetii

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Hist. 1.69.1Plūs praedae ac sanguinis Caecīna hausit.Caecina drank in more plunder and more blood. Hist. 1.69.1Inrītāverant turbidum ingenium Helvētiī, Gallica gēns ōlim armīs virīsque, mox memoriā nōminis clāra, dē caede Galbae ignārī et Vitelliī imperium abnuentēs.The Helvetii had provoked his turbulent nature, a Gallic people once famous for arms and men, later for the memory of their name; they knew nothing of Galba's murder and refused to accept Vitellius' rule. Hist. 1.69.1Initium bellō fuit avāritia ac festīnātiō ūnaetvīcēnsimae legiōnis;The war began with the greed and haste of the Twenty-First legion; Hist. 1.69.1rapuerant pecūniam missam in stīpendium castellī quod ōlim Helvētiī suīs mīlitibus ac stīpendiīs tuēbantur.they had seized money sent for the pay of a fort which the Helvetii had long garrisoned with their own soldiers and at their own expense. Hist. 1.69.1Aegrē id passī Helvētiī, interceptīs epistulīs, quae nōmine Germānicī exercitūs ad Pannonicās legiōnēs ferēbantur, centuriōnem et quōsdam mīlitum in custōdiā retinēbant.The Helvetii, resenting this, intercepted letters that were being carried in the name of the German army to the Pannonian legions, and were holding a centurion and some of the soldiers in custody.

Hist. 1.69.1Caecīna bellī avidus proximam quamque culpam, antequam paenitēret, ultum ībat: mōta properē castra, vāstātī agrī, dīreptus longā pāce in modum mūnicipiī extrūctus locus, amoenō salūbrium aquārum ūsū frequēns;Caecina, eager for war, set out to punish each nearest offence before there could be any repentance: camp was swiftly moved, fields were laid waste, and a place was plundered which in the long peace had been built up like a town, much frequented for the pleasant use of its healthful waters; Hist. 1.69.1missī ad Raetica auxilia nūntiī ut versōs in legiōnem Helvētiōs ā tergō adgrederentur.messengers were sent to the Raetian auxiliaries, telling them to attack the Helvetii in the rear while they were turned against the legion.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (88 words)
plūs (adv.)more
praeda, -ae, f.booty, spoil, plunder
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustusdraw
irrītō (inrītō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusprovoke, stir up
turbidus, -a, -umstormy, wild, confused
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
Gallicus, -a, -umGallic, of Gaul
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
ōlim, adv.once upon a time, once, formerly, of old
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
vir, virī, m.man
que, enclitic conj.and
mox, adv.soon
memoria, -ae, f.memory
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
ignārus, -a, -umignorant
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
abnuō, -ere, -nuīrefuse, decline, reject
initium, -ī, n.beginning
bellum, -ī, n.war
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
avāritia, -ae f.greed
festīnātiō, -ōnis f.haste, hurry
ūnetvīcēsimus (ūnaetvīcēnsimus), -a, -umtwenty-first; legio unaetvicensima: the Twenty-first Legion
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tusseize, snatch
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
stīpendium, -ī, n.tax, tribute
castellum, -ī n.fort, redoubt
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
tueor, -ērī, tuitus sumwatch over, protect, defend
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
intercipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptumintercept, catch
epistula, -ae f.letter
Germānicus, -a, -umGerman, of the Germans
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
Pannonicus, -a, -umPannonian, of Pannonia
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
centuriō, -ōnis m.centurion (officer commanding about 80 men)
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
custōdia, -ae f.guard, protection
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
avidus, -a, -umeager, greedy (for: gen.)
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
culpa, -ae f.fault, blame
antequam, conj.before than, sooner than, before
paeniteō, -ēre, -uīcause regret; impersonal: it causes regret (to)
ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultusavenge
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
properē (adv.)quickly, in haste
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslay waste
ager, agri, m.field, land
dīripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptumplunder
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
pāx, pācis f.peace
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
mūnicipium, -ī n.municipium, a self-governing Italian town with Roman citizenship
exstruō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctuspile or heap up, build, erect
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
amoenus, -a, -umpleasant, lovely (of places)
salūbris, -ehealthy, wholesome
aqua, -ae, f.water
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
frequēns, -entiscrowded, in great numbers; frequent
Raeticus (Rhaeticus), -a, -umRaetian, of Raetia; Alpēs Raeticae: the Raetian Alps
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
nūntius, -ī, m.messenger; message
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tergum, -ī, n.back
aggredior, -ī, aggressus sumattack
Tacitus, Historiae I. Latin text: C. D. Fisher, Cornelii Taciti Historiarum Libri (Oxford, 1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.