LectitōOpen the reader

Lectitō › Tacitus › Germania › Germania 6

Tacitus · Germania

Germania 6

Weapons, horses and battle order

English onlyRead it word by word

Germ. 6.1Nē ferrum quidem superest, sīcut ex genere tēlōrum colligitur.Not even iron is plentiful, as is gathered from the kind of weapons they have. Germ. 6.1Rārī gladiīs aut maiōribus lanceīs ūtuntur: hastās vel ipsōrum vocābulō frameās gerunt angustō et brevī ferrō, sed ita ācrī et ad ūsum habilī, ut eōdem tēlō, prōut ratiō poscit, vel comminus vel ēminus pugnent.Few use swords or larger lances: they carry spears, or 'frameae' in their own word, with a narrow and short iron head, but so sharp and so handy in use that they fight with the same weapon, as circumstances demand, either at close quarters or at a distance. Germ. 6.2Et eques quidem scūtō frameāque contentus est, peditēs et missilia spargunt, plūraque singulī, atque in immēnsum vibrant, nūdī aut sagulō levēs.The horseman, indeed, is content with a shield and a framea, while the foot soldiers also shower missiles, several apiece, and hurl them to an immense distance, being naked or lightly clad in a short cloak. Germ. 6.2Nūlla cultūs iactātiō: scūta tantum lēctissimīs colōribus distinguunt.There is no display of finery: only their shields they mark out with carefully chosen colours.

Germ. 6.3Paucīs lōrīcae, vix ūnī alterīve cassis aut galea.Few have breastplates, and hardly one or two a helmet of metal or of leather. Germ. 6.3Equī nōn fōrmā, nōn vēlōcitāte cōnspicuī.Their horses are not remarkable for beauty, nor for speed. Germ. 6.3Sed nec variāre gȳrōs in mōrem nostrum docentur: in rēctum aut ūnō flexū dextrōs agunt, ita coniūnctō orbe ut nēmō posterior sit.Nor are they taught to wheel in varied circles in our fashion: they drive them straight ahead or with a single turn to the right, in a circle so closed up that no one is left behind. Germ. 6.4In ūniversum aestimantī plūs penes peditem rōboris;To one who judges on the whole, there is more strength in the infantry; Germ. 6.4eōque mīxtī proeliantur, aptā et congruente ad equestrem pugnam vēlōcitāte peditum, quōs ex omnī iuventūte dēlēctōs ante aciem locant.and so they fight intermingled, the speed of the foot soldiers being well suited and matched to the cavalry battle, and these, picked from all the young men, they station in front of the line.

Germ. 6.5Dēfīnītur et numerus: centēnī ex singulīs pāgīs sunt, idque ipsum inter suōs vocantur, et quod prīmō numerus fuit, iam nōmen et honor est.Their number too is fixed: there are a hundred from each district, and by this very name they are called among their own people, and what was at first a number is now a title and an honour. Germ. 6.6Aciēs per cuneōs compōnitur.The battle line is drawn up in wedges. Germ. 6.6Cēdere locō, dummodo rūrsus īnstēs, cōnsiliī quam formīdinis arbitrantur.To give ground, provided you press on again, they consider a mark of strategy rather than of fear. Germ. 6.6Corpora suōrum etiam in dubiīs proeliīs referunt.They carry back the bodies of their fallen even in indecisive battles. Germ. 6.6Scūtum relīquisse praecipuum flāgitium, nec aut sacrīs adesse aut concilium inīre ignōminiōsō fās, multīque superstitēs bellōrum īnfāmiam laqueō fīniērunt.To have abandoned one's shield is the greatest disgrace, and it is not lawful for a man so disgraced to attend the sacred rites or to enter the council, and many survivors of wars have ended their infamy with a noose.

Read the Latin itself: tap any word for its meaning and grammar, save words to review, and keep your place.

Read in Lectitō

Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (151 words)
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
sīcut (conj.)just as
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
gladius, -ī, m.sword
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
lancea, -ae f.lance, spear
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
hasta, -ae f.spear
velor; vel … vel: either … or
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
vocābulum, -ī n.name, word, term
framea, -ae f.spear (the German word for it)
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
angustus, -a, -umnarrow, cramped
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
brevis, -eshort
sed, conj.but
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
habilis, -ehandy, easy to manage
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
prōut (conj.)just as, according as
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
poscō, poscere, poposcīask, demand
comminus (adv.)hand to hand, at close quarters
ēminus (adv.)at a distance, from afar
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
que, enclitic conj.and
contentus, -a, -umcontent, satisfied (+ abl.)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
missilis, -ethat can be thrown; (n. pl.) missiles
spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsusscatter, sprinkle
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
immēnsus (inmēnsus), -a, -umimmeasurable, boundless, vast
vibrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbrandish, shake
nūdus, -a, -umnaked, bare
sagulum, -ī n.short military cloak
levis, -elight, slight
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
cultus, -ūs m.way of life; civilization, refinement
iactātiō, -ōnis f.boasting, display; tossing, shaking
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
lēctus, -a, -umchosen; choice, excellent
color, -ōris, m.color
distinguō, -ere, -stīnxī, -stīnctusseparate, divide; distinguish
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
lōrīca, -ae f.breastplate; breastwork, parapet
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
cassis, -idis f.helmet (of metal)
galea, -ae, f.helmet
equus, -ī, m.horse
nōn, adv.not
fōrma, -ae, f.form, appearance; beauty
vēlōcitās, -ātis f.speed, swiftness
cōnspicuus, -a, -umconspicuous, remarkable
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
variō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusvary; differ, disagree
gȳrus, -ī m.circle, ring; circuit, wheeling course
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
noster, -tra, -trumour
doceo, -ēre, -uī, -tusteach, explain
rēctus, -a, -umdirect, straight
flexus, -ūs m.bend, winding, curve; turning point
dexter, -tra, -trumright
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
coniungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin together, join
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
aestimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumvalue, reckon
plūs (adv.)more
penes (prep. + acc.)in the hands of, in the power of
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
proelior, -ārī, -ātus sumfight a battle
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
congruō, -ere, -uīagree, fit, coincide
equester, -tris, -treof cavalry
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
omnis, -eall, every
iuventūs, -ūtis f.youth; the young men
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctuschoose out, choose, select
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
dēfīniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusmark out, fix, set
numerus, -ī, m.number
centēnī, -ae, -aa hundred each, in hundreds
pāgus, -ī m.district, canton
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
prīmō, adv.at first
iam, adv.now, already
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
honor, -ōris, m.honor
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
cuneus, -ī m.wedge; a wedge-shaped formation of troops
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
dummodo (conj.)provided that, if only (+ subj.)
rūrsus, adv.again
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
formīdō, -inis f.fear, dread; something to be dreaded
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
corpus, corporis, n.body
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
dubius, -a, -umdoubtful, uncertain
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
praecipuus, -a, -umspecial, particular, outstanding
flāgitium, -ī n.shameful act, disgrace, outrage
sacrum, -ī n.sacred object or rite; sacra: rites, worship
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
concilium, -ī n.meeting, council
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
ignōminiōsus, -a, -umdisgraced; shameful, disgraceful
fās (indecl.) n.what is right by divine law (fās est: it is allowed)
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
superstes, -stitissurviving, outliving (dat.)
bellum, -ī, n.war
īnfāmia, -ae f.disgrace, dishonor
laqueus, -ī, m.noose
fīniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusbound, limit; end
Tacitus, Germania. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.