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Tacitus · Germania

Germania 5

The land, its cattle and its metals

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Germ. 5.1Terra etsī aliquantō speciē differt, in ūniversum tamen aut silvīs horrida aut palūdibus foeda, hūmidior quā Galliās, ventōsior quā Nōricum ac Pannoniam aspicit;The land, although it differs somewhat in appearance, is on the whole either bristling with forests or foul with marshes, wetter where it faces the Gauls, windier where it faces Noricum and Pannonia; Germ. 5.1satis ferāx, frūgiferārum arborum impatiēns, pecorum fēcunda, sed plērumque imprōcēra.it is fertile enough for sown crops, unkind to fruit-bearing trees, rich in flocks, but these are mostly undersized. Germ. 5.2Nē armentīs quidem suus honor aut glōria frontis: numerō gaudent, eaeque sōlae et grātissimae opēs sunt.Not even the cattle have their proper beauty or glory of brow: it is in numbers that they rejoice, and these are their only and their most cherished wealth. Germ. 5.3Argentum et aurum propitiīne an īrātī Diī negāverint dubitō.Whether the gods have denied them silver and gold in kindness or in anger, I am not sure. Germ. 5.3Nec tamen adfirmāverim nūllam Germāniae vēnam argentum aurumve gignere: quis enim scrūtātus est?Yet I would not assert that no vein in Germany produces silver or gold: for who has searched?

Germ. 5.4Possessiōne et ūsū haud perinde adficiuntur: est vidēre apud illōs argentea vāsa, lēgātīs et prīncipibus eōrum mūnerī data, nōn in aliā vīlitāte quam quae humō finguntur.They are not much moved by possessing and using it: one may see among them silver vessels, given as gifts to their envoys and chiefs, held no more precious than those that are moulded from clay. Germ. 5.4Quamquam proximī ob ūsum commerciōrum aurum et argentum in pretiō habent fōrmāsque quāsdam nostrae pecūniae agnōscunt atque ēligunt: interiōrēs simplicius et antīquius permūtātiōne mercium ūtuntur.However, those nearest to us value gold and silver for the purposes of trade, and recognise and pick out certain issues of our money: those further inland practise the simpler and more ancient exchange of goods. Germ. 5.5Pecūniam probant veterem et diū notam, serrātōs bīgātōsque.The money they approve is old and long familiar, coins with serrated edges and those stamped with a two-horse chariot. Germ. 5.5Argentum quoque magis quam aurum sequuntur, nūllā adfectiōne animī, sed quia numerus argenteōrum facilior ūsuī est prōmisca ac vīlia mercantibus.They also go after silver rather than gold, from no liking for it, but because a quantity of silver pieces is handier to use for those who buy cheap goods of every kind.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (115 words)
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
etsī, conj.even if, although
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
speciēs, -ēī, f.sight, appearance, shape
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātumdiffer; scatter, put off
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
horridus, -a, -umrough, wild, frightening
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
foedus, -a, -umfoul, loathsome, hideous
ūmidus, -a, -umwet, damp, moist
quā, adv.in which place, where
ventōsus, -a, -umwindy
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
aspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectuslook at or on, behold
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
ferāx, -ācisfertile
frūgifer, -era, -erumfruitful, profitable
arbor, -oris, f.tree
impatiēns (inp-), -entisunable to bear, impatient (of: gen.)
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
fēcundus, -a, -umfruitful, rich (in)
sed, conj.but
plērumque (adv.)generally, mostly
imprōcērus, -a, -umundersized, small
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
armentum, -ī n.herd (of cattle)
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
honor, -ōris, m.honor
glōria, -ae, f.glory
frōns, frontis, f.forehead
numerus, -ī, m.number
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
que, enclitic conj.and
sōlus, -a, -umalone
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
argentum, -ī, n.silver
aurum, -ī, n.gold
propitius, -a, -umfavourable, well-disposed
an, conj.or (in questions)
īrātus, -a, -umangered, enraged, angry, furious
deus, -ī, m.god
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdoubt, hesitate
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassert, declare firmly
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
vēna, -ae f.vein
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitusproduce, bring forth
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
enim, conj.for
scrūtor, -ārī, -ātus sumsearch, examine closely
possessiō, -ōnis f.property, possession
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
perinde (adv.)in the same way, equally; haud perinde: not so much
adficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusdo to, move, affect; visit, afflict
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
argenteus, -a, -umof silver, silver
vās, vāsis, n., plur. vāsa, -ōrumvessel
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
nōn, adv.not
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
vīlitās, -ātis f.cheapness, low price
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
humus, -ī f.ground, earth; humī: on the ground
fingō, fingere, finxī, fictusinvent, make up
quamquam, conj.however much, although
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
commercium, -ī n.trade, dealings; means of communication
pretium, -ī, n.price, charge
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
fōrma, -ae, f.form, appearance; beauty
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
noster, -tra, -trumour
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
agnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus, recognize
ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctumpick out, choose
interior, -ius, adj.interior, inner
simpliciter (adv.)simply, plainly, frankly
antīquē (adv.)in the old way, old-fashionedly
permūtātiō, -ōnis f.exchange, barter; change, alteration
merx, mercis f.goods, wares, merchandise
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
vetus, veterisold, former
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
nōtus, -a, -umknown, well-known, famous
serrātus, -a, -umnotched, saw-edged; (of coins) with milled edges
bīgātus, -ī m.a silver denarius stamped with a two-horse chariot
quoque, adv.also
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
affectiō (adfectiō), -ōnis f.disposition, state of mind; fondness, liking
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
quia (conj.)because
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
prōmiscuus, -a, -ummixed, indiscriminate, held in common
vīlis, -echeap, worthless
mercor, -ārī, -ātus sumbuy, purchase; trade
Tacitus, Germania. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.