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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 18

Agricola subdues the Ordovices and Mona

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Agr. 18.1Hunc Britanniae statum, hās bellōrum vices mediā iam aestāte trānsgressus Agricola invēnit, cum et mīlitēs velut omissā expedītiōne ad sēcūritātem et hostēs ad occāsiōnem verterentur.This was the state of Britain, these the fortunes of war, that Agricola found when he crossed over at midsummer, when the soldiers, as if campaigning were over, were turning to ease, and the enemy to their opportunity. Agr. 18.2Ordovicum cīvitās haud multō ante adventum eius alam in fīnibus suīs agentem prope ūniversam obtrīverat, eōque initiō ērēctā prōvinciā.The state of the Ordovices, shortly before his arrival, had almost wiped out a squadron of cavalry stationed in their territory, and the province had been roused by this beginning. Agr. 18.3Et quibus bellum volentibus erat, probāre exemplum ac recentis lēgātī animum opperīrī, cum Agricola, quamquam trānsvecta aestās, sparsī per prōvinciam numerī, praesūmpta apud mīlitem illīus annī quiēs, tarda et contrāria bellum inchoātūrō, et plērīsque custōdīrī suspecta potius vidēbātur, īre obviam discrīminī statuit;And those who wanted war approved the example and waited to see the temper of the new governor, when Agricola, although the summer was over, the units were scattered through the province and the soldiers had counted on that year's rest, all of which were obstacles and hindrances to one about to begin a war, and although most thought it better to keep watch on the suspect areas, decided to go and meet the danger; Agr. 18.3contrāctīsque legiōnum vēxillīs et modicā auxiliōrum manū, quia in aequum dēgredī Ordovicēs nōn audēbant, ipse ante agmen, quō cēterīs pār animus similī perīculō esset, ērēxit aciem.and having gathered detachments of the legions and a moderate force of auxiliaries, since the Ordovices did not dare to come down into the plain, he led his line up the hill, himself in front of the column, so that the others might have equal courage from sharing a like danger.

Agr. 18.4Caesāque prope ūniversā gente, nōn ignārus īnstandum fāmae ac, prōut prīma cessissent, terrōrem cēterīs fore, Monam īnsulam, ā cuius possessiōne revocātum Paulīnum rebelliōne tōtīus Britanniae suprā memorāvī, redigere in potestātem animō intendit.And when almost the whole tribe had been cut down, knowing well that he must follow up his reputation and that, as the first actions turned out, so would the rest be terrified, he set his mind on bringing into subjection the island of Mona, from whose occupation, as I mentioned above, Paulinus had been recalled by the rebellion of all Britain. Agr. 18.5Sed, ut in subitīs cōnsiliīs, nāvēs dēerant: ratiō et cōnstantia ducis trānsvexit.But, as usual with sudden plans, there were no ships: the general's resourcefulness and resolve carried his men across. Agr. 18.5Dēpositīs omnibus sarcinīs lēctissimōs auxiliārium, quibus nota vada et patrius nandī ūsus, quō simul sēque et arma et equōs regunt, ita repente inmīsit, ut obstupefactī hostēs, quī classem, quī nāvīs, quī mare exspectābant, nihil arduum aut invictum crēdiderint sīc ad bellum venientibus.Having laid aside all baggage, he sent in the pick of the auxiliaries, who knew the shallows and had their native skill in swimming, by which they control themselves, their arms and their horses at once, so suddenly that the astonished enemy, who were expecting a fleet, ships, the sea, believed that nothing was difficult or invincible to men who came to war like this.

Agr. 18.6Ita petītā pāce ac dēditā īnsulā clārus ac magnus habērī Agricola, quippe cui ingredientī prōvinciam, quod tempus aliī per ostentātiōnem et officiōrum ambitum trānsigunt, labor et perīculum placuisset.So, when peace had been sought and the island surrendered, Agricola was regarded as famous and great, since on entering his province, a time which others spend in display and in courting attentions, he had chosen toil and danger. Agr. 18.7Nec Agricola prosperitāte rērum in vānitātem ūsus, expedītiōnem aut victōriam vocābat victōs continuisse;Nor did Agricola use his success for vanity; he did not call it a campaign or a victory to have held down the conquered; Agr. 18.7nē laureātīs quidem gesta prōsecūtus est, sed ipsā dissimulātiōne fāmae fāmam auxit, aestimantibus quantā futūrī spē tam magnā tacuisset.he did not even announce his achievements with laurelled dispatches, but by the very concealment of his fame he increased his fame, as men reckoned with what great hope for the future he had kept silent about such great deeds.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×6, gerunds and gerundives ×2, indirect statement ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (184 words)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
status, -ūs m.condition, state
bellum, -ī, n.war
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
iam, adv.now, already
aestās, -tātis, f.summer
trānsgredior, -ī, -gressus sumcross over
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
veluteven or just as, as
omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missuslet go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose
expedītiō, -ōnis f.expedition, raid
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
sēcūritās, -ātis f.freedom from care, composure
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
occāsiō, -ōnis, f.chance, opportunity
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
multō, adv.by much or far, much, far
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
ala, -ae, f.wing
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
obterō, -terere, -trīvī, -trītustrample, crush
que, enclitic conj.and
initium, -ī, n.beginning
ērigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusraise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
volō, velle, voluīwish
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
opperior, -īrī, -pertus sumwait for, await
quamquam, conj.however much, although
trānsvehō, -vehere, -vexī, -vectuscarry across or over
spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsusscatter, sprinkle
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
numerus, -ī, m.number
praesūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake beforehand; anticipate; presume, take for granted
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
annus, -ī, m.year
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
tardus, -a, -umslow
contrārius, -a, -umopposite, facing
inchoō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbegin, start on; sketch out
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusguard
suspectus, -a, -umsuspected, mistrusted
potius (adv.)rather
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
discrīmen, -crīminis, n.crisis, peril, danger
statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtuscause to stand; decide, resolve
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctumdraw together, collect
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
vēxillum, -ī n.banner, flag
modicus, -a, -ummoderate, small; modicum: a little
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
manus, -ūs, f.hand
quia (conj.)because
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
dēgredior, -ī, -gressus sumgo down, come down, descend
nōn, adv.not
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
pār, parisequal
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
ignārus, -a, -umignorant
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
prōut (conj.)just as, according as
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
īnsula, -ae, f.island
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
possessiō, -ōnis f.property, possession
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
rebelliō, -ōnis f.renewed war, revolt
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.above, before
memorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusremind of, mention
redigō, -ere, redēgī, redāctumbring back; reduce (to a condition)
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
intendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out; stretch, draw, aim
sed, conj.but
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
subitus, -a, -umsudden
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
nāvis, -is, f.ship
dēsum, deesse, dēfuībe lacking, fail
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
cōnstantia, -ae f.steadiness, firmness
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
dēpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput down, deposit; lay aside, give up; ē memoriā dēpōnere, to forget
omnis, -eall, every
sarcina, -ae f.pack; (pl.) soldiers' kit
lēctus, -a, -umchosen; choice, excellent
auxiliāris, -e; as noun, -is m.auxiliary; (pl.) auxiliary troops
nōtus, -a, -umknown, well-known, famous
vadum, -ī n.ford, shallow place
patrius, -a, -umof one's fathers, ancestral
nō, nāre, nāvīswim
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
equus, -ī, m.horse
regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctumguide, steer, rule
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
repente (adv.)suddenly
immittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend or let in
obstupefaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factusastound, stun
classis, -is f.fleet
mare, maris, n.sea
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
arduus, -a, -umsteep, difficult
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
invictus, -a, -umunconquered, unbeaten
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
sīc, adv.so, thus
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
pāx, pācis f.peace
dēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive away or up
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
quippe (adv.)of course, indeed, for
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
ostentātiō, -ōnis f.display, show
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
ambitus, -ūs m.canvassing for office; bribery at elections (lēgēs ambitus: the bribery laws)
trānsigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctuscarry through, finish, settle
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
prosperitās, -ātis f.success, good fortune, prosperity
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
vānitās, -ātis f.emptiness; boastfulness, idle talk
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
victōria, -ae, f.victory
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
contineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold together, keep within, shut up in; bound
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
laureātus, -a, -umcrowned or decked with laurel; litterae laureātae: dispatches announcing a victory
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
prōsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow forward, follow
dissimulātiō, -ōnis f.concealment, disguise, pretence of not noticing; self-effacement
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
aestimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumvalue, reckon
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
spēs, speī, f.hope
tam, adv.so
taceō, -ēre, -uī, -itusbe silent
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.