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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 37

The soldier's oath of philosophy

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Ep. 37.1Quod maximum vinculum est ad bonam mentem, prōmīsistī virum bonum, sacrāmentō rogātus es.The strongest bond towards a sound mind is this: you have promised to be a good man, you have been sworn in by the oath. Ep. 37.1Dērīdēbit tē, sī quis tibi dīxerit mollem esse mīlitiam et facilem.Anyone who tells you that this service is soft and easy will be making fun of you. Ep. 37.1Nōlō tē dēcipī.I do not want you to be deceived. Ep. 37.1Eadem honestissimī huius et illīus turpissimī auctōrāmentī verba sunt: "Ūrī, vincīrī ferrōque necārī."The words of this most honourable engagement and of that most shameful one are the same: 'To be burned, to be bound, and to be killed by the sword.' Ep. 37.2Ab illīs, quī manūs harēnae locant et ēdunt ac bibunt, quae per sanguinem reddant, cavētur, ut ista vel invītī patiantur;From those who hire out their hands to the arena, and who eat and drink what they must pay back with their blood, a guarantee is taken that they will endure these things even against their will; Ep. 37.2ā tē, ut volēns libēnsque patiāris.from you, that you will endure them willingly and gladly.

Ep. 37.2Illīs licet arma summittere, misericordiam populī temptāre;They may lower their arms and appeal to the pity of the people; Ep. 37.2tū neque summittēs nec vītam rogābis.you will neither lower yours nor beg for your life. Ep. 37.2Rēctō tibi invictōque moriendum est.You must die upright and unconquered. Ep. 37.2Quid porrō prōdest paucōs diēs aut annōs lucrificāre?Besides, what profit is it to gain a few days or years? Ep. 37.2Sine missiōne nāscimur.We are born without hope of discharge. Ep. 37.3"Quōmodo ergō," inquis, "mē expediam?"'How then,' you say, 'shall I get myself free?' Ep. 37.3Effugere nōn potes necessitātēs, potes vincere.You cannot escape necessities, but you can overcome them. Ep. 37.3"Fit via vī.'Force makes a way.' Ep. 37.3" Et hanc tibi viam dabit philosophia.And philosophy will give you this way. Ep. 37.3Ad hanc tē cōnfer, sī vīs salvus esse, sī sēcūrus, sī beātus, dēnique sī vīs esse, quod est maximum, līber.Betake yourself to her if you want to be safe, if untroubled, if happy, and finally, what is greatest, if you want to be free. Ep. 37.3Hoc contingere aliter nōn potest.This cannot come about in any other way.

Ep. 37.4Humilis rēs est stultitia, abiecta, sordida, servīlis, multīs affectibus et saevissimīs subiecta.Folly is a low thing, abject, mean, servile, subject to many passions, and those most savage. Ep. 37.4Hōs tam gravēs dominōs, interdum alternīs imperantēs, interdum pariter, dīmittit ā tē sapientia, quae sōla lībertās est.These masters, so oppressive, sometimes ruling in turn, sometimes together, are dismissed from you by wisdom, which alone is freedom. Ep. 37.4Ūna ad hanc fert via, et quidem rēcta;One road leads to her, and a straight one at that; Ep. 37.4nōn aberrābis.you will not go astray. Ep. 37.4Vāde certō gradū;Walk with a sure step; Ep. 37.4sī vīs omnia tibi subicere, tē subice ratiōnī;if you wish to subject all things to yourself, subject yourself to reason; Ep. 37.4multōs rēgēs sī ratiō tē rēxerit.you will rule many, if reason has ruled you. Ep. 37.4Ab illā discēs, quid et quemadmodum adgredī dēbeās;From her you will learn what you should undertake and in what way; Ep. 37.4nōn incidēs rēbus.you will not blunder into things. Ep. 37.5Nēminem mihi dabis, quī sciat, quōmodo quod vult, coeperit velle;You will not show me anyone who knows how he came to wish for what he wishes; Ep. 37.5nōn cōnsiliō adductus illō, sed inpetū inpāctus est.he was not led to it by deliberation, but driven by impulse.

Ep. 37.5Nōn minus saepe fortūna in nōs incurrit quam nōs in illam.Fortune runs into us no less often than we run into her. Ep. 37.5Turpe est nōn īre, sed ferrī et subitō in mediō turbine rērum stupentem quaerere: "Hūc ego quemadmodum vēnī?"It is shameful not to walk but to be carried along, and suddenly, in the midst of the whirlwind of affairs, to ask in bewilderment: 'How did I come here?' Ep. 37.5Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×1, purpose clauses ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (158 words)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
bonus, -a, -umgood
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
prōmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend or put forth, promise
vir, virī, m.man
sacrāmentum, -ī n.military oath (of allegiance)
rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask
dērīdeō, -ēre, -rīsī, -rīsuslaugh at, mock
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
sī, conj.if
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
mollis, -esoft, weak
mīlitia, -ae f.military service
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
dēcipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptuscatch, deceive
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
turpis, -edisgraceful
auctōrāmentum, -ī n.wages, pay for service; contract of hire (esp. of a gladiator)
verbum, -ī, n.word
ūrō, ūrere, ussī, ūstusburn
vinciō, vincīre, vinxī, vinctusbind
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
que, enclitic conj.and
necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusput to death, slay, kill
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
manus, -ūs, f.hand
harēna, -ae, f.sand; shore
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
bibō, bibere, bibīdrink
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautusbeware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
velor; vel … vel: either … or
invītus, -a, -umunwilling
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
volō, velle, voluīwish
libēns (lubēns), -entiswilling, glad; (as adv.) gladly
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
summittō (submittō), -ere, -mīsī, -missuslower, let down; send up, supply
misericordia, -ae, f;pity, compassion
populus, -ī m.people, nation
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
vīta, -ae, f.life
rēctus, -a, -umdirect, straight
invictus, -a, -umunconquered, unbeaten
morior, morī, mortuusdie
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
porrō (adv.)further on; moreover
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
annus, -ī, m.year
lucrificō, -āregain, make a profit of
sine, prep. with abl.without
missiō, -ōnis f.a sending; release from service, discharge
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
quōmodo (adv.)how; in what way
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
effugio, -fugere, -fūgīflee out or away, escape
nōn, adv.not
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
necessitās, -ātis f.necessity, compulsion
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
via, -ae, f.road, way
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
philosophia, -ae f.philosophy
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātusbring together; grant, confer; sē cōnferre, to betake oneself, make one's way
salvus, -a, -umsafe, unharmed
sēcūrus, -a, -umfree from care, untroubled; careless (of: gen.)
beātus, -a, -umhappy, blessed
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
līber, lībera, līberumfree
contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctumtouch, reach
aliter, adv.in another way, otherwise, differently
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
stultitia, -ae f.folly, foolishness
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow away
sordidus, -a, -umdirty; mean, base, of low status
servīlis, -eof slaves (servīlis tumultus: slave revolt)
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
affectus (adfectus), -ūs m.feeling, emotion, affection; disposition
saevus, -a, -umfierce, savage
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
tam, adv.so
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
interdum (adv.)sometimes
alternus, -a, -umone after the other, alternating
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
pariter (adv.)equally, alike; at the same time
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
sapientia, -ae f.wisdom, good sense
sōlus, -a, -umalone
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
aberrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswander away, stray; deviate, err
vādō, -erego
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
gradus, -ūs m.step, stage; rank
omnis, -eall, every
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
rēx, rēgis, m.king
regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctumguide, steer, rule
discō, discere, didicīlearn
quemadmodum (adv.)how, in what way; just as
adgredior, -gredī, -gressus sumapproach; address; attack; undertake
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
sed, conj.but
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
impingō, -ere, -pēgī, -pāctusdash against, drive into
minus, comp. adv.less
saepe, adv.often, frequently
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
nōsplur. of ego
incurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursumrun (into), charge, rush at
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
subitō, adv.unexpectedly, suddenly
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
turbō, turbinis, m.whirlwind, hurricane
stupeō, -ēre, -uībe stunned, astounded, or amazed
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
hūc, adv.to this place, hither
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.