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Seneca · De Clementia

De Clementia 18

Treating slaves and citizens humanely

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Clem. 1.18.1Servīs imperāre moderātē laus est.To rule slaves with moderation is praiseworthy. Clem. 1.18.1Et in mancipiō cōgitandum est, nōn quantum illud impūne possit patī, sed quantum tibi permittat aequī bonīque nātūra, quae parcere etiam captīvīs et pretiō parātīs iubet.Even with a slave one must consider not how much he can suffer with impunity, but how much the nature of right and good allows you, which bids us spare even captives and those bought for a price. Clem. 1.18.1Quantō iūstius iubet hominibus līberīs, ingenuīs, honestīs nōn ut mancipiīs abūtī sed ut hīs, quōs gradū antecēdās quōrumque tibi nōn servitūs trādita sit, sed tūtēla.How much more justly does it bid us not to abuse men who are free, freeborn and respectable as if they were slaves, but to treat them as those whom you surpass in rank, and whose protection, not servitude, has been entrusted to you. Clem. 1.18.1Servīs ad statuam licet cōnfugere ;Slaves may take refuge at a statue; Clem. 1.18.2cum in servum omnia liceant, est aliquid, quod in hominem licēre commūne iūs animantium vetet.though everything is permitted against a slave, there is something which the common law of living beings forbids to be permitted against a human being.

Clem. 1.18.2Quis nōn Vedium Polliōnem peius ōderat quam servī suī, quod mūraenās sanguine hūmānō sagīnābat et eōs, quī sē aliquid offenderant, in vīvārium, quid aliud quam serpentium, abicī iubēbat ?Who did not hate Vedius Pollio worse than his own slaves did, because he fattened his lampreys on human blood and ordered those who had offended him in any way to be thrown into his fish-pond, what else but a pond of serpents? Clem. 1.18.2Ō hominem mīlle mortibus dignum, sīve dēvorandōs servōs obiciēbat mūraenīs, quās ēsūrus erat, sīve in hoc tantum illās alēbat, ut sīc aleret.O man worthy of a thousand deaths, whether he threw slaves to be devoured to the lampreys he was going to eat, or kept the lampreys only to feed them in this way! Clem. 1.18.3Quemadmodum dominī crūdēlēs tōtā cīvitāte commōnstrantur invīsīque et dētestābilēs sunt, ita rēgum et iniūria lātius patet et īnfāmia atque odium saeculīs trāditur ;Just as cruel masters are pointed out through the whole city, and are hated and loathed, so the wrongdoing of kings extends more widely, and their infamy and hatred are handed down to the ages; Clem. 1.18.3quantō autem nōn nāscī melius fuit, quam numerārī inter pūblicō malō nātōs !and how much better it would have been not to be born than to be counted among those born for the public's harm!

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (104 words)
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
moderātē (adv.)with restraint, moderately; (comp.) moderātius
laus, laudis f.praise, glory
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
mancipium, -ī n.a slave (as property); formal purchase, ownership
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
nōn, adv.not
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
impūne (adv.)without punishment
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
sed, conj.but
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
permittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumallow, permit; entrust
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
bonus, -a, -umgood
que, enclitic conj.and
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
parcō, -ere, pepercī, parsūrusspare, show mercy to (+ dat.)
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
captīvus, -a, -umcaptive
pretium, -ī, n.price, charge
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
iūstē (adv.)justly, rightly
homō, hominis, m.man
līber, lībera, līberumfree
ingenuus, -a, -umfreeborn; as noun, a freeborn man
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
abūtor, -ūtī, -ūsus sumuse up; abuse, take advantage of (+ abl.)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
gradus, -ūs m.step, stage; rank
antecēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo before; surpass
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
tūtēla, -ae f.protection, guardianship, care
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
statua, -ae f.statue
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
cōnfugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee for refuge
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
omnis, -eall, every
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
animāns, -antis m., f. and n.living being, creature, animal
vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitumforbid
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
male, adv.badly, ill
ōdī, ōdisse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of tenses of incomplete actionhate
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
quod, conj.that, in that, because
mūraena (mūrēna), -ae f.moray eel, lamprey
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
sagīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfatten, feed up; glut
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
offendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusoffend
vīvārium, -ī n.fishpond, game preserve, enclosure for live animals
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
serpēns, -entis, f.serpent
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow away
ō (interj.)O! oh!
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
mors, mortīs, f.death
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
dēvorō, -vorāre, -vorāvī, -vorātusswallow down, swallow, devour
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
edō, ēsse (edere), ēdī, ēsumeat
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
alō, -ere, -uī, -tusnourish
sīc, adv.so, thus
quemadmodum (adv.)how, in what way; just as
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
crūdēlis, -ecruel
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
commōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspoint out, show clearly
invīsus, -a, -umhated, hateful (to: dat.)
dētestābilis, -edetestable, abominable
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
rēx, rēgis, m.king
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
lātēwidely
pateō, -ēre, -uīlie open; extend, stretch
īnfāmia, -ae f.disgrace, dishonor
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
odium, -ī, n.hatred
saeculum, -ī n.generation, age; century
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
numerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscount, number; reckon, count as
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
Seneca, De Clementia. Latin text: J. W. Basore, Seneca: Moral Essays I (Loeb, 1928), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.