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Sallust · Bellum Iugurthinum

Bellum Iugurthinum 21

Night attack and siege of Cirta

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Iug. 21.1Adherbal ubi intellegit eō prōcessum, utī regnum aut relinquendum esset aut armīs retinendum, necessāriō cōpiās parat et Iugurthae obvius prōcēdit.When Adherbal realised that things had come to the point where the kingdom must either be abandoned or held by arms, he raised forces out of necessity and advanced to meet Jugurtha. Iug. 21.2Interim haud longē ā marī prope Cirtam oppidum utrīusque exercitus cōnsēdit et, quia diēī extrēmum erat, proelium nōn inceptum.Meanwhile the two armies encamped not far from the sea near the town of Cirta, and, because it was the end of the day, battle was not begun. Iug. 21.2Sed ubi plērumque noctis prōcessit, obscūrō etiam tum lūmine mīlitēs Iugurthīnī signō datō castra hostium invādunt, sēmisomnōs partim, aliōs arma sūmentīs fugant funduntque.But when most of the night had passed, while the light was still dim, Jugurtha's soldiers at a given signal attacked the enemy's camp, and routed and scattered them, some half-asleep, others taking up their arms. Iug. 21.2Adherbal cum paucīs equitibus Cirtam profūgit, et nī multitūdō togātōrum fuisset, quae Numidās īnsequentīs moenibus prohibuit, ūnō diē inter duōs rēgēs coeptum atque patrātum bellum foret.Adherbal fled to Cirta with a few horsemen, and if there had not been a crowd of men in togas, which kept the pursuing Numidians from the walls, the war between the two kings would have been begun and finished in a single day.

Iug. 21.3Igitur Iugurtha oppidum circumsēdit, vīneīs turribusque et māchinīs omnium generum expugnāre aggreditur, māxumē festīnāns tempus lēgātōrum antecapere, quōs ante proelium factum ab Adherbale Rōmam missōs audīverat.So Jugurtha besieged the town and set about storming it with mantlets, towers and engines of every kind, hurrying above all to forestall the arrival of the envoys who, he had heard, had been sent to Rome by Adherbal before the battle was fought. Iug. 21.4Sed postquam senātus dē bellō eōrum accēpit, trēs adulēscentēs in Āfricam lēgantur, quī ambōs rēgēs adeant, senātus populīque Rōmānī verbīs nūntient velle et cēnsēre eōs ab armīs discēdere, dē contrōvorsiīs suīs iūre potius quam bellō disceptāre: ita sēque illīsque dignum esse.But after the senate heard of their war, three young men were sent as envoys to Africa, to go to both kings and announce, in the words of the senate and the Roman people, that it was their wish and resolve that the kings should lay down their arms and settle their disputes by law rather than by war: this was worthy both of the Romans and of themselves.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×1, indirect statement ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (118 words)
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
necessāriō (adv.)of necessity, unavoidably
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
interim (adv.)meanwhile
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
longē, adv.far
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
mare, maris, n.sea
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
oppidum, -ī, n.town
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
cōnsīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessussit down
quia (conj.)because
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
nōn, adv.not
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
sed, conj.but
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
nox, noctis, f.night
obscūrus, -a, -umdark
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
tum, adv.then, at that time
lūmen, -minis, n.light
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
Iugurthīnus, -a, -umof Jugurtha, Jugurthine
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
sēmisomnus, -a, -umhalf-asleep, drowsy
partim (adv.)partly (partim … partim: some … others)
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
fugō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusput to flight, rout
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsumpour; rout, scatter (an enemy)
que, enclitic conj.and
cum, prep, with abl.with
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
profugiō, -ere, -fūgīflee, escape
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
togātus, -a, -umwearing the toga; Gallia togata: Gaul this side of the Alps, whose people had Roman citizenship
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow upon or up, pursue
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
prohibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold back, prevent, hinder
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
rēx, rēgis, m.king
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
patrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbring about, accomplish, complete
bellum, -ī, n.war
igitur, conj.therefore
circumsedeō, -sedēre, -sēdī, -sessussit around, surround; besiege
vīnea, -ae f.shed (a movable shelter for besiegers)
turris, -is f.tower; siege tower
māchina, -ae f.machine, siege engine
omnis, -eall, every
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake by storm, capture
aggredior, -ī, aggressus sumattack
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
festīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumhurry, make haste
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
antecapiō, -ere, -cēpī, -captumseize beforehand, act before (something) can happen
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
senātus, -ūs m.senate
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
adulēscēns, -entis, m.youth, young man
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
lēgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbequeath, leave by will; send as an envoy
ambō, -ae, -ōboth
adeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo to, approach
populus, -ī m.people, nation
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
verbum, -ī, n.word
nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreport, announce
volō, velle, voluīwish
cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsusthink, believe, consider
discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo apart, withdraw, depart
contrōversia, -ae, f.quarrel, dispute, debate
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
potius (adv.)rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
disceptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdebate, dispute; settle a dispute
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Sallust's Jugurthine War, with chapter 79 onwards in part from A. W. Ahlberg (Teubner, 1919), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.