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Pliny · Epistulae III

Pliny, Letter 3.20

The secret ballot in the senate

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Ep. 3.20.1Meministīne tē saepe lēgisse, quantās contentiōnēs excitārit lēx tabellāria, quantumque ipsī lātōrī vel glōriae vel reprehēnsiōnis attulerit?Do you remember often reading what fierce disputes the ballot law aroused, and how much glory or blame it brought its proposer? Ep. 3.20.2At nunc in senātū sine ūllā dissēnsiōne hoc idem ut optimum placuit: omnēs comitiōrum diē tabellās postulāvērunt.But now in the senate this same thing has been approved without any dissent as the best course: everyone demanded ballots on election day. Ep. 3.20.3Excesserāmus sānē manifestīs illīs apertīsque suffrāgiīs licentiam contiōnum.We had certainly outdone the licence of popular assemblies with that open and undisguised voting. Ep. 3.20.3Nōn tempus loquendī, nōn tacendī modestia, nōn dēnique sedendī dignitās custōdiēbātur.Neither the time for speaking, nor the decorum of silence, nor even the dignity of remaining seated was observed. Ep. 3.20.4Magnī undique dissonīque clamōrēs, prōcurrēbant omnēs cum suīs candidātīs, multa agmina in mediō multīque circulī et indecōra cōnfūsiō;There was loud and discordant shouting on all sides, everyone rushed forward with his own candidates, there were many groups in the middle, many knots of people, and an unseemly confusion; Ep. 3.20.4adeō dēscīverāmus ā cōnsuētūdine parentum, apud quōs omnia disposita moderāta tranquilla maiestātem locī pudōremque retinēbant.so far had we departed from the custom of our fathers, among whom everything was orderly, measured and calm, and preserved the majesty and decorum of the place.

Ep. 3.20.5Supersunt senēs ex quibus audīre soleō hunc ōrdinem comitiōrum: citātō nōmine candidātī silentium summum;There are old men still living from whom I often hear that this was the procedure at elections: when the candidate's name was called, there was utter silence; Ep. 3.20.5dīcēbat ipse prō sē;he spoke for himself; Ep. 3.20.5explicābat vītam suam, testēs et laudātōrēs dabat vel eum sub quō mīlitāverat, vel eum cui quaestor fuerat, vel utrumque sī poterat;he gave an account of his life, and produced as witnesses and supporters either the man under whom he had served, or the man to whom he had been quaestor, or both if he could; Ep. 3.20.5addēbat quōsdam ex suffrāgātōribus;he added some of his backers; Ep. 3.20.5illī graviter et paucīs loquēbantur.they spoke with gravity and in few words. Ep. 3.20.5Plūs hoc quam precēs prōderat.This did more good than entreaties. Ep. 3.20.6Nōn numquam candidātus aut nātālēs competītōris aut annōs aut etiam mōrēs arguēbat.Sometimes a candidate would criticise his rival's birth, or his age, or even his character. Ep. 3.20.6Audiēbat senātus gravitāte cēnsōriā.The senate listened with the gravity of censors.

Ep. 3.20.6Ita saepius dignī quam grātiōsī praevalēbant.Thus the worthy more often prevailed than the well-connected. Ep. 3.20.7Quae nunc immodicō favōre corrupta ad tacita suffrāgia quasi ad remedium dēcucurrērunt;These practices, now corrupted by excessive partisanship, have had recourse to the secret ballot as to a remedy; Ep. 3.20.7quod interim plānē remedium fuit - erat enim novum et subitum -, sed vereor nē prōcēdente tempore ex ipsō remediō vitia nāscantur.and for the present it has clearly been a remedy — for it was new and sudden — but I fear that as time goes on faults may arise from the remedy itself. Ep. 3.20.8Est enim perīculum nē tacitīs suffrāgiīs impudentia irrēpat.For there is a danger that shamelessness may creep in with secret ballots. Ep. 3.20.8Nam quotō cuique eadem honestātis cūra sēcrētō quae palam?For how few have the same care for honour in secret as in public? Ep. 3.20.9Multī fāmam, cōnscientiam paucī verentur.Many fear their reputation, few their conscience. Ep. 3.20.9Sed nimis citō dē futūrīs: interim beneficiō tabellārum habēbimus magistrātūs, quī maximē fierī dēbuērunt.But I am speaking too soon of the future: meanwhile, thanks to the ballots, we shall have as magistrates those who most deserved to be made so.

Ep. 3.20.9Nam ut in reciperātōriīs iūdiciīs, sīc nōs in hīs comitiīs quasi repente apprehēnsī sincērī iūdicēs fuimus.For as in the courts of recuperators, so in these elections we, caught as it were by surprise, have been honest judges. Ep. 3.20.10Haec tibi scrīpsī, prīmum ut aliquid novī scrīberem, deinde ut nōn numquam dē rē pūblicā loquerer, cuius māteriae nōbīs quantō rārior quam veteribus occāsiō, tantō minus omittenda est.I have written this to you, first so as to write you some news, and secondly so as sometimes to speak about public affairs, a subject which, the rarer the opportunity for it is for us than for the ancients, the less we should let it pass. Ep. 3.20.11Et herculē quoūsque illa vulgāria?And, by Hercules, how long must we have those commonplaces? Ep. 3.20.11"Quid agis?'How are you doing? Ep. 3.20.11ecquid commodē valēs?"Are you keeping well?' Ep. 3.20.11Habeant nostrae quoque litterae aliquid nōn humile nec sordidum, nec prīvātīs rēbus inclūsum.Let our letters too have something that is not lowly or mean, nor confined to private affairs. Ep. 3.20.12Sunt quidem cūncta sub ūnīus arbitriō, quī prō ūtilitāte commūnī sōlus omnium cūrās labōrēsque suscēpit;Everything, it is true, is under the control of one man, who for the common good has alone taken upon himself the cares and labours of all; Ep. 3.20.12quīdam tamen salūbrī temperāmentō ad nōs quoque velut rīvī ex illō benignissimō fonte dēcurrunt, quōs et haurīre ipsī et absentibus amīcīs quasi ministrāre epistulīs possumus.yet by a wholesome arrangement certain streams flow down to us too, as it were, from that most generous source, which we can both drink from ourselves and, as it were, serve to absent friends by letter.

Ep. 3.20.12Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×4, ablative absolute ×2, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (226 words)
meminī, meminisseremember
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
saepe, adv.often, frequently
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
contentiō, -ōnis f.struggle, dispute
excitō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātuscall out, arouse
lēx, lēgis f.law
tabellārius, -ī m.letter-carrier, courier
que, enclitic conj.and
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
lātor, -ōris m.proposer (of a law)
velor; vel … vel: either … or
glōria, -ae, f.glory
reprehēnsiō, -ōnis f.blame, censure, criticism
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
at, conj.but
nunc, adv.now
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
senātus, -ūs m.senate
sine, prep. with abl.without
ūllus, -a, -umany
dissēnsiō, -ōnis f.disagreement, quarrel
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
bonus, -a, -umgood
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
omnis, -eall, every
comitia, -ōrum n. pl.the assembly of the Roman people for voting; elections
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
tabella, -ae f.writing tablet; letter (tablets tied with a thread and sealed)
postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask, request, demand
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
sānē, adv.certainly, by all means; very
manifestus, -a, -umplain, clear; caught in the act
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
apertus, -a, -umopen
suffrāgium, -ī n.vote
licentia, -ae f.freedom; lack of restraint, lawlessness
cōntiō, -ōnis f.assembly, meeting; speech to an assembly
nōn, adv.not
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
taceō, -ēre, -uī, -itusbe silent
modestia, -ae f.moderation, discipline, restraint
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessussit
dignitās, -ātis f.rank, standing, prestige
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusguard
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
undique, adv.from or on all sides
dissonus, -a, -umdiscordant; differing (in: abl.)
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
prōcurrō, -ere, prōcucurrīrun forward, charge
cum, prep, with abl.with
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
candidātus, -ī m.candidate for office
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
medium, -ī n.the middle; in mediō: in the midst
circulus, -ī m.circle; a group of people gathered to talk
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
indecōrus, -a, -umunbecoming, shameful, disgraceful
cōnfūsiō, -ōnis f.confusion, disorder, uproar
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
dēscīscō, -ere, -scīvī, -scītumbreak away, revolt, desert (from: ab)
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f.custom, habit; way of life
parēns, -entis m./f.parent
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
dispōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumstation here and there, post
moderātus, -a, -umrestrained, moderate; (as noun) restraint
tranquillus, -a, -umcalm
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
senex, senis, m.old man
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
citō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset in motion, urge on; citātus: swift, rushing
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
explicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusunfold, spread out; set out, explain
vīta, -ae, f.life
testis, -is m./f.witness
laudātor, -ōris m.one who praises, eulogist
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
mīlitō, -āre, -āvīserve as a soldier
quaestor, -ōris m.quaestor, a Roman official in charge of an army's funds
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
sī, conj.if
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
suffrāgātor, -ōris m.supporter, canvasser in an election
graviter, adv.severely, seriously
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
plūs (adv.)more
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
prex, precis f. (usu. pl.)prayer, entreaty
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
numquam, adv.never
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
nātālis, -eof birth (diēs nātālis: birthday)
competītor, -ōris m.rival candidate
annus, -ī, m.year
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
arguō, -ere, -uī, -ūtusshow up, expose; accuse, convict
gravitās, -ātis f.weight, heaviness; dignity, seriousness
cēnsōrius, -a, -umof a censor; censorious, severe; (m. as noun) ex-censor
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
grātiōsus, -a, -umpopular, influential; obliging, done as a favour
praevaleō, -ēre, -uīprevail, be very strong
immodicus, -a, -umexcessive, unrestrained
favor, -ōris m.goodwill, support, applause
corrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusspoil, ruin, destroy; bribe
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
tacitus, -a, -umsilent
quasi, conj.as if
remedium, -ī, n.remedy
dēcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursusrun down
interim (adv.)meanwhile
plānē (adv.)clearly, plainly
enim, conj.for
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
subitus, -a, -umsudden
sed, conj.but
vereor, -ērī, -itusfear
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
impudentia, -ae f.shamelessness, effrontery
irrēpō, -ere, -rēpsīcreep in, steal in
nam, conj.for
quotus, -a, -umwhich in number, how many; quotus quisque: how few, scarcely anyone
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
honestās, -ātis f.honor, integrity
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
sēcrētō (adv.)privately, in secret
palam (adv.)openly, publicly
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
cōnscientia, -ae f.awareness; consciousness of guilt, guilty conscience
nimis (adv.)too much, too
citō (adv.; comp. citius)quickly, soon; citius: more quickly, without delay
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
beneficium, -ī, n.well-doing, kindness, service, benefit
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
magistrātus, -ūs m.magistrate, official
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
reciperātōrius (recuperātōrius), -a, -umof the recuperatores, a summary court of assessors
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
sīc, adv.so, thus
nōsplur. of ego
repente (adv.)suddenly
apprehendō, -ere, -prehendī, -prehēnsumtake hold of, grasp
sincērus, -a, -umpure, sound, chaste
iūdex, iūdicis, m.judge
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
deinde, adv.then, next
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
māteria, -ae f.timber, material
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
vetus, veterisold, former
occāsiō, -ōnis, f.chance, opportunity
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
minus, comp. adv.less
omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missuslet go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose
hercle (interj.)by Hercules!, indeed
quoūsque (adv.)how long? until when?
vulgāris, -ecommon, ordinary, usual
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
ecquid (adv.)at all? (introducing an eager question: 'do you at all ...?')
commodē (adv.)conveniently, easily, well
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
noster, -tra, -trumour
quoque, adv.also
litterae, -ārum f. pl.letters (of the alphabet); a letter, dispatch
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
sordidus, -a, -umdirty; mean, base, of low status
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
inclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsusshut up in, inclose, imprison
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
cūnctus, -a, -umall, the whole
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
arbitrium, -ī n.judgment, will, pleasure
ūtilitās, -ātis f.usefulness, advantage
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
sōlus, -a, -umalone
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptusundertake
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
salūbris, -ehealthy, wholesome
temperāmentum, -ī n.right proportion, balance, moderation; compromise
veluteven or just as, as
rīvus, -ī m.stream, brook
benignus, -a, -umkind, friendly, generous
fōns, fontis, m.fountain, spring
hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustusdraw
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
ministrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumserve, wait on (+ dat.)
epistula, -ae f.letter
Pliny, Epistulae III. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Pliny's Letters, public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.