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Pliny · Epistulae II

Pliny, Letter 2.1

The death of Verginius Rufus

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Ep. 2.1.1Post aliquot annōs īnsigne atque etiam memorābile populī Rōmānī oculīs spectāculum exhibuit pūblicum fūnus Verginī Rūfī, maximī et clārissimī cīvis, perinde fēlīcis.After an interval of some years the public funeral of Verginius Rufus, a very great and very distinguished citizen, and no less fortunate, presented a notable and indeed memorable spectacle to the eyes of the Roman people. Ep. 2.1.2Trīgintā annīs glōriae suae supervīxit;He outlived his own glory by thirty years; Ep. 2.1.2lēgit scrīpta dē sē carmina, lēgit historiās et posteritātī suae interfuit.he read poems written about himself, he read histories, and he was present at his own posterity. Ep. 2.1.2Perfūnctus est tertiō cōnsulātū, ut summum fastīgium prīvātī hominis implēret, cum prīncipis nōluisset.He held a third consulship, so that he might reach the highest summit possible for a private man, since he had refused that of an emperor. Ep. 2.1.3Caesarēs quibus suspectus atque etiam invīsus virtūtibus fuerat ēvāsit, relīquit incolumem optimum atque amīcissimum, tamquam ad hunc ipsum honōrem pūblicī fūneris reservātus.He escaped the Caesars to whom his virtues had made him suspect and even hateful, and he left behind him in safety the best and friendliest of them, as though he had been kept in reserve for this very honour of a public funeral.

Ep. 2.1.4Annum tertium et octōgēnsimum excessit in altissimā tranquillitāte, parī venerātiōne.He passed his eighty-third year in the deepest tranquillity, and with equal veneration. Ep. 2.1.4Ūsus est firmā valētūdine, nisi quod solēbant eī manūs tremere, citrā dolōrem tamen.He enjoyed sound health, except that his hands used to tremble, though without pain. Ep. 2.1.4Aditus tantum mortis dūrior longiorque, sed hic ipse laudābilis.Only the approach of death was harsher and more drawn out, but even this was praiseworthy. Ep. 2.1.5Nam cum vōcem praeparāret āctūrus in cōnsulātū prīncipī grātiās, liber quem forte accēperat grandiōrem, et senī et stantī ipsō pondere ēlāpsus est.For while he was practising his voice, as he was about to give thanks to the emperor in his consulship, a book that he happened to have taken up, a rather large one, slipped from him by its very weight, since he was both old and standing. Ep. 2.1.5Hunc dum sequitur colligitque, per leve et lūbricum pavīmentum fallente vestīgiō cecidit coxamque frēgit, quae parum aptē collocāta reluctante aetāte male coiit.While he followed it and gathered it up, his foot gave way on the smooth and slippery floor; he fell and broke his hip, which was set badly and, as his age resisted, knit poorly.

Ep. 2.1.6Huius virī exsequiae magnum ōrnāmentum prīncipī magnum saeculō magnum etiam forō et rōstrīs attulērunt.This man's funeral brought great distinction to the emperor, great distinction to the age, great distinction also to the forum and the Rostra. Ep. 2.1.6Laudātus est ā cōnsule Cornēliō Tacitō;He was praised in the funeral speech by the consul Cornelius Tacitus; Ep. 2.1.6nam hic suprēmus fēlīcitātī eius cumulus accessit, laudātor ēloquentissimus.for this crowning addition came last to his good fortune, a most eloquent eulogist. Ep. 2.1.7Et ille quidem plēnus annīs abit, plēnus honōribus, illīs etiam quōs recūsāvit: nōbīs tamen quaerendus ac dēsīderandus est ut exemplar aevī priōris, mihi vērō praecipuē, quī illum nōn sōlum pūblicē quantum admīrābar tantum dīligēbam;And he, indeed, departs full of years, full of honours, even those which he refused; yet we must seek and miss him as a model of an earlier age, and I above all, who loved him not only in public life as much as I admired him; Ep. 2.1.8prīmum quod utrīque eadem regiō, mūnicipia fīnitima, agrī etiam possessiōnēsque coniūnctae, praetereā quod ille mihi tūtor relictus affectum parentis exhibuit.first because we both had the same region, neighbouring towns, and adjoining fields and estates as well, and besides because, left to me as my guardian, he showed me a parent's affection.

Ep. 2.1.8Sīc candidātum mē suffrāgiō ōrnāvit;So he honoured me with his vote when I was a candidate; Ep. 2.1.8sīc ad omnēs honōrēs meōs ex sēcessibus accucurrit, cum iam prīdem eiusmodī officiīs renūntiāsset;so he hastened from his retreats to all my entries into office, though he had long since given up duties of that kind; Ep. 2.1.8sīc illō diē quō sacerdōtēs solent nōmināre quōs dignissimōs sacerdōtiō iūdicant, mē semper nōminābat.so on the day when the priests customarily nominate those whom they judge most worthy of the priesthood, he always nominated me. Ep. 2.1.9Quīn etiam in hāc novissimā valētūdine, veritus nē forte inter quīnquevirōs creārētur, quī minuendīs pūblicīs sūmptibus iūdiciō senātūs cōnstituēbantur, cum illī tot amīcī senēs cōnsulārēsque superessent, mē huius aetātis per quem excūsārētur ēlēgit, hīs quidem verbīs: "Etiam sī fīlium habērem, tibi mandārem."Even in this last illness, fearing that he might be appointed one of the five commissioners who were being set up by decree of the senate to reduce public expenditure, he chose me, young as I am, to make his excuses, although he had so many elderly friends of consular rank still living, and in these words: 'Even if I had a son, I would entrust this to you.' Ep. 2.1.10Quibus ex causīs necesse est tamquam immātūram mortem eius in sinū tuō dēfleam, sī tamen fās est aut flēre aut omnīnō mortem vocāre, quā tantī virī mortālitās magis fīnīta quam vīta est.For these reasons I must weep for his death in your bosom as though it were untimely, if indeed it is right either to weep or to call it death at all, by which the mortality of so great a man has been ended rather than his life.

Ep. 2.1.11Vīvit enim vīvetque semper, atque etiam lātius in memoriā hominum et sermōne versābitur, postquam ab oculīs recessit.For he lives and will live for ever, and will move even more widely in the memory and talk of men, now that he has passed from their sight. Ep. 2.1.12Volō tibi multa alia scrībere, sed tōtus animus in hāc ūnā contemplātiōne dēfīxus est.I wish to write you much else, but my whole mind is fixed on this one contemplation. Ep. 2.1.12Verginium cōgitō, Verginium videō, Verginium iam vānīs imāginibus, recentibus tamen, audiō alloquor teneō;Verginius I think of, Verginius I see, Verginius, in images now empty yet still fresh, I hear, I address, I hold; Ep. 2.1.12cui fortasse cīvēs aliquōs virtūtibus parēs et habēmus et habēbimus, glōriā nēminem.and perhaps we have, and shall have, some citizens equal to him in virtue, but none in glory. Ep. 2.1.12Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (257 words)
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
aliquot (indecl.)several, some
annus, -ī, m.year
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
memorābilis, -eworth telling, memorable
populus, -ī m.people, nation
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
oculus, -ī, m.eye
spectāculum, -ī n.sight, spectacle, show
exhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusshow, display, present
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
fūnus, -eris n.funeral
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
perinde (adv.)in the same way, equally; haud perinde: not so much
fēlīx, -īcisfortunate, lucky, happy
trīgintā (indecl.)thirty
glōria, -ae, f.glory
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
supervīvō, -ere, -vīxīoutlive, survive
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
carmen, -minis, n.song, charm
historia, -ae f.history, an account of past events
posteritās, -ātis f.the future; later generations, posterity
intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrusbe or lie between
perfungor, -ī, -fūnctus sumgo through, perform; endure to the end (+ abl.)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
tertius, -a, -umthird
cōnsulātus, -ūs m.consulship
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
fastīgium, -ī n.top, summit; slope; height
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
homō, hominis, m.man
impleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētumfill; fulfil, complete
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
suspectus, -a, -umsuspected, mistrusted
invīsus, -a, -umhated, hateful (to: dat.)
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
incolumis, -eunhurt, safe
bonus, -a, -umgood
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
honor, -ōris, m.honor
reservō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumkeep back, save
octōgēsimus (octōgēnsimus), -a, -umeightieth
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
tranquillitās, -tātis, f.calm
pār, parisequal
venerātiō, -ōnis f.reverence, veneration, worship
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
firmus, -a, -umstrong, steadfast
valētūdō, -inis f.health, state of health; ill health
nisi, conj.if not, unless
quod, conj.that, in that, because
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
manus, -ūs, f.hand
tremō, -ere, -uītremble, shake
citrā (prep. + acc.)on this side of
dolor, -ōris, m.pain, grief; anger
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
aditus, -ūs, m.approach, entrance
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
mors, mortīs, f.death
dūrus, -a, -umhard; harsh; difficult
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
que, enclitic conj.and
sed, conj.but
laudābilis, -epraiseworthy, commendable
nam, conj.for
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
praeparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprepare beforehand
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
liber, librī m.book; record
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
grandis, -elarge, big
senex, senis, m.old man
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
pondus, ponderis, n.weight
ēlābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sumslip away, escape
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
levis, -elight, slight
lūbricus, -a, -umslippery, smooth
pavīmentum, -ī n.floor, pavement
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
coxa, -ae f.hip, hip-bone
frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctusbreak; dash to pieces, wreck
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
aptē (adv.)fitly, suitably
collocō (conlocō), -āre, -āvī, -ātumplace, station; give in marriage
reluctor, -ārī, -ātus sumstruggle against, resist
aetās, -tātis, f.age
male, adv.badly, ill
coeō, -īre, -iī, -itumcome together, assemble
vir, virī, m.man
exsequiae, -ārum f. pl.funeral procession, funeral rites
ōrnāmentum, -ī n.honour, distinction; ornament
saeculum, -ī n.generation, age; century
forum, -ī n.market place, public square
rōstrum, -ī, n.beak
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpraise
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
suprēmus, -a, -umhighest, last
fēlīcitās, -ātis f.good fortune, luck
cumulus, -ī m.heap, pile
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
laudātor, -ōris m.one who praises, eulogist
ēloquēns, -entiseloquent, articulate
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
plēnus, -a, -umfull
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
recūsō, -cūsāre, -cūsāvī, -cūsātusgive a reason against, refuse
nōsplur. of ego
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslong for, miss; require
exemplar, -āris n.model, pattern, example; copy, likeness
aevum, -ī n.age, lifetime; old age
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
praecipuē, adv.especially
nōn, adv.not
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
pūblicē (adv.)officially, as a state
quantum, adv.how much? how?
admīror, -mīrārī, -mīrātuswonder at, admire
dīligō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctuslove, value highly
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
regiō, -ōnis, f.direction; country, region
mūnicipium, -ī n.municipium, a self-governing Italian town with Roman citizenship
fīnitimus, -a, -umneighboring, adjoining
ager, agri, m.field, land
possessiō, -ōnis f.property, possession
coniungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin together, join
praetereā, adv.besides this, besides, moreover
tūtor, -ōris m.guardian
affectus (adfectus), -ūs m.feeling, emotion, affection; disposition
parēns, -entis m./f.parent
sīc, adv.so, thus
candidātus, -ī m.candidate for office
suffrāgium, -ī n.vote
ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusequip, adorn
omnis, -eall, every
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
sēcessus, -ūs m.a withdrawing; a retreat; drain, privy
accurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun to, come up
iam, adv.now, already
prīdem (adv.)long ago; iam prīdem: long since
eiusmodī (adv.)of that kind, such
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
renūntiō, -nūntiāre, -nūntiāvī, -nūntiātusbring back word, report, announce
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
sacerdōs, -dōtis, m. and f.priest, priestess
nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumname, mention
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
sacerdōtium, -ī n.priesthood
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
semper, adv.always
quīn, conj.so that ... not, but that, but
novissimus, -a, -umlast (novissimum agmen: the rear)
vereor, -ērī, -itusfear
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
quīnquevir, -ī m.member of a board of five commissioners
creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuselect, appoint
minuō, -ere, minuī, minūtumlessen, reduce
sūmptus, -ūs m.expense
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
senātus, -ūs m.senate
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset together or up; appoint; determine
tot (indecl.)so many
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
excūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusexcuse, make excuses for
ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctumpick out, choose
verbum, -ī, n.word
sī, conj.if
fīlius, -ī, m.son
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
mandō, -dāre, -dāvī, -dātusput in hand, intrust, commit; charge, command
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
necesse, indecl. adj.necessary
immātūrus, -a, -umunripe; too early, untimely
sinus, -ūs, m.bosom, lap
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
dēfleō, -ēre, -flēvī, -flētusweep for, lament
fās (indecl.) n.what is right by divine law (fās est: it is allowed)
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
fleō, -ēre, flēvī, flētumweep
omnīnō, adv.altogether, wholly, entirely
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
mortālitās, -ātis f.mortality; the human race, mankind
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
fīniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusbound, limit; end
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
vīta, -ae, f.life
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
enim, conj.for
lātēwidely
memoria, -ae, f.memory
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
versō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusturn about; (pass. or reflexive) move about, be engaged
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo back, withdraw, retire
volō, velle, voluīwish
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
contemplātiō, -ōnis f.contemplation, viewing, study
dēfīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxusdrive in, fix firmly
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
vānus, -a, -umempty, idle, vain; in vanum: in vain
imāgō, -inis f.likeness, image, portrait
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
alloquor (adloquor), -loquī, -locūtus sumspeak to, address
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
fortasse (adv.)perhaps
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Pliny, Epistulae II. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Pliny's Letters, public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.