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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.6

Death of Flaminius and the rout

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Liv. 22.6.1Trīs ferme hōrās pugnātum est, et ubīque atrōciter;They fought for about three hours, and everywhere fiercely; Liv. 22.6.1circā cōnsulem tamen ācrior īnfestiorque pugna est.around the consul, however, the fight is keener and more bitter. Liv. 22.6.2Eum et rōbora virōrum sequēbantur et ipse, quācumque in parte premī ac labōrāre sēnserat suōs, inpigrē ferēbat opem;The strongest of the men followed him, and he himself, wherever he had perceived his men to be pressed and struggling, tirelessly brought help; Liv. 22.6.3īnsignemque armīs et hostēs summā vī petēbant et tuēbantur cīvēs, dōnec Īnsuber eques — Ducariō nōmen erat — faciē quoque nōscitāns cōnsulem "Ēn" inquit "hic est," populāribus suīs "quī legiōnēs nostrās cecidit agrōsque et urbem est dēpopulātus!and as he was conspicuous by his armour, the enemy sought him with the utmost force and his countrymen defended him, until an Insubrian horseman — his name was Ducario — recognising the consul by his face too, said to his fellow tribesmen, 'Look, here is the man who cut our legions to pieces and laid waste our fields and city! Liv. 22.6.3Iam ego hanc victimam manibus perēmptōrum foedē cīvium dabō."Now I shall give this victim to the shades of our foully slaughtered countrymen.' Liv. 22.6.3Subditīsque calcāribus equō per cōnfertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit, obtruncātōque prius armigerō, quī sē īnfestō venientī obviam obiēcerat, cōnsulem lanceā trānsfīxit;And putting spurs to his horse he charges through the densest throng of the enemy, and having first cut down the armour-bearer who had thrown himself in the way of his onslaught, he ran the consul through with his lance; Liv. 22.6.3spoliāre cupientem triāriī obiectīs scūtīs arcuēre.as he sought to strip him, the triarii kept him off with their shields thrust in front.

Liv. 22.6.4Magnae partis fuga inde prīmum coepit;Then, for the first time, the flight of a large part began; Liv. 22.6.4et iam nec lacūs nec montēs pavōrī obstābant: per omnia arta praeruptaque velut caecī ēvādunt, armaque et virī super aliōs aliī praecipitantur.and now neither lake nor mountains stood in the way of their panic: through every narrow and steep place they escape as if blind, and arms and men are hurled headlong, one upon another. Liv. 22.6.5Pars magna, ubi locus fugae dēest, per prīma vada palūdis in aquam prōgressī, quoad capitibus umerīsque extāre possunt, sēsē inmergunt.A large part, where there is no room for flight, advancing through the first shallows of the marsh into the water, plunge in as far as they can keep their heads and shoulders above it. Liv. 22.6.5Fuēre quōs incōnsultus pavor nandō etiam capessere fugam inpulerit, quae ubi inmēnsa ac sine spē erat, aut dēficientibus animīs hauriēbantur gurgitibus aut nēquīquam fessī vada retrō aegerrimē repetēbant atque ibi ab ingressīs aquam hostium equitibus passim trucīdābantur.There were some whom thoughtless panic drove even to attempt flight by swimming; and when this proved endless and hopeless, they were either swallowed by the depths as their spirits failed, or, wearied in vain, struggled back with great difficulty to the shallows, and there were slaughtered everywhere by the enemy's horsemen, who had entered the water.

Liv. 22.6.7Sex mīlia ferme prīmī agminis per adversōs hostīs ēruptiōne inpigrē factā, ignārī omnium, quae post sē agerentur, ē saltū ēvāsēre, et cum in tumulō quōdam cōnstitissent, clamōrem modo ac sonum armōrum audientēs, quae fortūna pugnae esset, neque scīre nec perspicere prae cālīgine poterant.About six thousand of the head of the column, boldly breaking out through the enemy facing them, escaped from the pass, unaware of all that was happening behind them; and when they had halted on a certain hillock, hearing only the shouting and the clash of arms, they could neither know nor make out through the fog what the fortune of the battle was. Liv. 22.6.9Inclīnātā dēnique rē cum incalēscente sōle dispulsā nebulā diem, tum liquidā iam lūce montēs campīque perditās rēs strātamque ostendere foedē Rōmānam aciem.When at last the issue had been decided and, as the sun grew warmer, the mist had been dispelled to reveal the day, then in the now clear light the mountains and plains showed the ruin of their cause and the Roman army foully laid low.

Liv. 22.6.10Itaque, nē in cōnspectōs procul inmitterētur eques, sublātīs raptim signīs quam citātissimō poterant agmine sēsē abripuērunt.And so, lest the cavalry be sent against them once they were sighted from afar, they hastily raised their standards and took themselves off at the fastest pace they could manage. Liv. 22.6.11Posterō diē, cum super cētera extrēma famēs etiam īnstāret, fidem dante Maharbale, quī cum omnibus equestribus cōpiīs nocte cōnsecūtus erat, sī arma trādidissent, abīre cum singulīs vestīmentīs passūrum, sēsē dēdidērunt;The next day, since on top of everything else extreme hunger also pressed upon them, on the pledge of Maharbal, who had followed them in the night with all the cavalry forces, that if they handed over their arms he would let them go away with a single garment each, they surrendered; Liv. 22.6.12quae Pūnicā religiōne servāta fidēs ab Hannibale est, atque in vincula omnēs coniectī.this pledge was kept by Hannibal with Punic good faith, and they were all thrown into chains.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×2, ablative absolute ×10, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (216 words)
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
hōra, -ae, f.hour
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ubīque (adv.)everywhere
atrōciter (adv.)savagely, cruelly; harshly
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
que, enclitic conj.and
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
vir, virī, m.man
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumquewhoever, whatever
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslabor, toil
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsusperceive, feel
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
impigrē (adv.)energetically, briskly
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
tueor, -ērī, tuitus sumwatch over, protect, defend
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
dōnec (conj.)until; while, as long as
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
faciēs, -ēī f.face; appearance
quoque, adv.also
nōscitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusrecognize, make out
ēn (interj.)look! see! there!
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
populāris, -eof the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
noster, -tra, -trumour
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
ager, agri, m.field, land
urbs, urbis, f.city
dēpopulor, -ārī, -ātus sumlay waste, ravage
iam, adv.now, already
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
victima, -ae, f.victim
manus, -ūs, f.hand
perimō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptusdestroy, kill
foedē, adv.foully, shamefully, disgracefully
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
subdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput under, apply
calcar, -āris n.spur
equus, -ī, m.horse
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
cōnfertus, -a, -umcrowded, close-packed
turba, -ae f.crowd
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
obtruncō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscut down, kill
prius, adv.before, first
armiger, -erī m.armour-bearer, squire
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
lancea, -ae f.lance, spear
trānsfīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxusthrust or pierce through, transfix
spoliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstrip, rob
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
triāriī, -ōrum m. pl.the triarii, veteran soldiers forming the third line of a legion
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
arceō, -ēre, -uīkeep off, keep away, shut out
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
fuga, -ae, f.flight
inde (adv.)from there; then
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
lacus, -ūs, m.lake
mōns, montis, m.mountain
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
obstō, -stāre, -stitīstand in the way, block, oppose (+ dat.)
omnis, -eall, every
artus, -a, -umclose, tight; dense, thick
praeruptus, -a, -umsteep, precipitous
veluteven or just as, as
caecus, -a, -umblind
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
praecipitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthrow headlong; sē praecipitāre: hurl oneself
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
dēsum, deesse, dēfuībe lacking, fail
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
vadum, -ī n.ford, shallow place
pālus, -ī, m.stake
aqua, -ae, f.water
prōgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo forward, advance
quoad (conj.)as long as; until
caput, capitis, n.head
umerus, -ī, m.shoulder
exstō, -ārestand out; appear, arise
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
immergō, -ere, -mersī, -mersusplunge in, sink
incōnsultus, -a, -umunadvised, without counsel; rash
nō, nāre, nāvīswim
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
capessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītustake hold of; rem pūblicam capessere: go into public life
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive or urge on, incite, urge
immēnsus (inmēnsus), -a, -umimmeasurable, boundless, vast
sine, prep. with abl.without
spēs, speī, f.hope
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusfail
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustusdraw
gurges, -itis m.whirlpool; the deep, the sea
nēquīquam (adv.)in vain, without reason
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
retrō (adv.)backwards, behind, from behind
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
repetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītumdemand back; seek again
ibi, adv.in that place, there
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusslaughter, butcher
sex (indecl.)six
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
ēruptiō, -ōnis f.sally, sortie
ignārus, -a, -umignorant
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
saltus, -ūs m.wooded pass, forest glade, woodland
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
tumulus, -ī m.mound, hillock
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
modo, adv.only
sonus, -ī m.sound
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
perspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumsee clearly, observe
prae (prep. + abl.)in comparison with; because of
cālīgō, -inis f.mist, fog; darkness, gloom
inclīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, lean; incline, tend
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
incalēscō, -ere, -caluīgrow warm; be heated (with wine)
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
dispellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsumdrive apart, scatter
nebula, -ae f.mist, cloud
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
tum, adv.then, at that time
liquidus, -a, -umliquid, flowing; clear
lūx, lūcis, f.light
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
perdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusdestroy, ruin; lose, waste
sternō, -ere, strāvī, strātusspread out; furnish with couches (of a room)
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
immittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend or let in
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
raptim, adv.hurriedly, in haste
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
citātus, -a, -umquick, at full speed (equō citātō, at a gallop)
abripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptussnatch away, carry off
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
famēs, -is, abl. famē, f.hunger
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
cum, prep, with abl.with
equester, -tris, -treof cavalry
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
nox, noctis, f.night
cōnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, follow; overtake
sī, conj.if
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
vestīmentum, -ī n.garment, clothing
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
dēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive away or up
Pūnicus, -a, -umPunic, Carthaginian; bella Pūnica: the wars with Carthage
religiō, -ōnis f.religious scruple, religious duty
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.