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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.45

Varro leads the Romans across

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Liv. 22.45.1Dum altercātiōnibus magis quam cōnsiliīs tempus teritur, Hannibal ex aciē, quam ad multum diēī tenuerat īnstrūctam, cum in castra cēterās reciperet cōpiās, Numidās ad invādendōs ex minōribus castrīs Rōmānōrum aquātōrēs trāns flūmen mittit.While time was being wasted on wrangling rather than on deliberation, Hannibal, withdrawing the rest of his forces into camp from the line which he had kept drawn up until late in the day, sends the Numidians across the river to attack the Romans fetching water from the smaller camp. Liv. 22.45.3Quam inconditam turbam cum vixdum in rīpam ēgressī clamōre ac tumultū fugāssent, in statiōnem quoque prō vallō locātam atque in ipsās prope portās ēvectī sunt.When, scarcely yet out on the bank, they had routed this disorderly crowd with shouting and uproar, they rode on even against the outpost stationed before the rampart and almost up to the very gates. Liv. 22.45.4Id vērō adeō indignum vīsum ab tumultuāriō auxiliō iam etiam castra Rōmāna terrērī, ut ea modo ūna causa, nē extemplō trānsīrent flūmen dērigerentque aciem, tenuerit Rōmānōs, quod summa imperiī eō diē penes Paulum fuit.It truly seemed so outrageous that now even a Roman camp should be terrorised by an irregular auxiliary force, that one reason alone kept the Romans from crossing the river at once and drawing up their line: that the supreme command that day lay with Paulus.

Liv. 22.45.5Itaque posterō diē Varrō, cui sors eius diēī imperiī erat, nihil cōnsultō collēgā signum prōposuit īnstrūctāsque cōpiās flūmen trādūxit, sequente Paulō, quia magis nōn probāre quam nōn adiuvāre cōnsilium poterat.So the next day Varro, whose turn it was by lot to command that day, without consulting his colleague at all, displayed the signal and led his forces in battle order across the river, with Paulus following, since he could withhold his approval of the plan but not his support. Liv. 22.45.6Trānsgressī flūmen eās quoque, quās in castrīs minōribus habuerant, cōpiās suīs adiungunt atque ita īnstruunt aciem: in dextrō cornū — id erat flūminī propius — Rōmānōs equitēs locant, deinde peditēs;Having crossed the river, they join to their own the forces they had kept in the smaller camp as well, and draw up their line thus: on the right wing (this was nearer the river) they place the Roman cavalry, then the infantry; Liv. 22.45.7laevum cornū extrēmī equitēs sociōrum, intrā peditēs, ad medium iūnctī legiōnibus Rōmānīs, tenuērunt;the left wing was held by the allied cavalry at the far end, and inside them the allied infantry, joined at the centre to the Roman legions; Liv. 22.45.7iaculātōrēs cum cēterīs levium armōrum auxiliīs prīma aciēs facta.the javelin-men, with the rest of the light-armed auxiliaries, formed the front line.

Liv. 22.45.8Cōnsulēs cornua tenuēre, Terentius laevum, Aemilius dextrum;The consuls held the wings, Terentius the left, Aemilius the right; Liv. 22.45.8Geminō Servīliō media pugna tuenda data.to Geminus Servilius was given the centre of the battle to defend.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (113 words)
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
altercātiō, -ōnis f.dispute, quarrel
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
terō, -ere, trīvī, trītusrub, wear away; tempus terere: waste time
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
multum, -ī, n.much
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
aquātor, -ōris m.water-carrier, one who fetches water
trāns, prep. with acc.across, over
flūmen, -minis, n.river
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
inconditus, -a, -umrough, unpolished, artless; disorderly
turba, -ae f.crowd
vixdum (adv.)hardly yet, scarcely yet
rīpa, -ae, f.bank
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo out or forth, go ashore, disembark
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
fugō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusput to flight, rout
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
quoque, adv.also
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
vallum, -ī n.rampart, palisade
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
ēvehō, -ere, -vēxī, -vectuscarry out, carry away
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tumultuārius, -a, -umhastily raised, scratch (of troops)
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
iam, adv.now, already
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
modo, adv.only
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
dērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctumset in line, draw up; direct
que, enclitic conj.and
quod, conj.that, in that, because
summa, -ae f.total, sum; supreme command
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
penes (prep. + acc.)in the hands of, in the power of
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
sors, sortis, f.lot
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
prōpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say
trādūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead across
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
quia (conj.)because
nōn, adv.not
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
adiuvō, -āre, adiūvī, adiūtumhelp, assist
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
trānsgredior, -ī, -gressus sumcross over
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
dexter, -tra, -trumright
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
deinde, adv.then, next
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
laevus, -a, -umleft; ad laevam (manum): on the left
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
intrā, prep. with acc.within
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctusjoin; yoke, harness
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
iaculātor, -ōris m.javelin-thrower, light-armed skirmisher
cum, prep, with abl.with
levis, -elight, slight
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
tueor, -ērī, tuitus sumwatch over, protect, defend
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.