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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.17

The ruse of the burning oxen

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Liv. 22.17.1Prīmīs tenebrīs silentiō mōta castra;At first dark the camp was moved in silence; Liv. 22.17.1bovēs aliquantō ante signa āctī.the oxen were driven some way ahead of the standards. Liv. 22.17.2Ubi ad rādīcēs montium viāsque angustās ventum est, signum extemplō datur, ut accēnsīs cornibus armenta in adversōs concitentur montēs;When they came to the foot of the mountains and the narrow roads, the signal is at once given to set the horns alight and drive the herds up the mountains in front of them; Liv. 22.17.2et metus ipse relūcentis flammae ā capite calorque iam ad vīvum ad īmaque cornua veniēns velut stimulātōs furōre agēbat bovēs.and the very fear of the flame flaring from their heads, and the heat now reaching the quick at the roots of the horns, drove the oxen on as if goaded by madness. Liv. 22.17.3Quō repente discursū haud secus quam silvīs montibusque accēnsīs omnia circā virgulta uīsa ārdēre, capitumque irrita quassātiō excitāns flammam hominum passim discurrentium speciem praebēbat.At this sudden scattering all the brushwood around seemed to be burning, just as if the woods and mountains had been set on fire, and the vain tossing of their heads, fanning the flames, gave the appearance of men running about in every direction.

Liv. 22.17.4Quī ad trānsitum saltūs īnsīdendum locātī erant, ubi in summīs montibus ac super sē quōsdam ignēs cōnspēxēre, circumventōs sē esse ratī praesidiō excessēre;Those who had been posted to hold the crossing of the pass, when they saw some fires on the mountaintops and above themselves, thinking they had been surrounded, left their post; Liv. 22.17.4quā minimē dēnsae micābant flammae, velut tūtissimum iter petentēs summa montium iuga, tamen in quōsdam bovēs pālātōs ā suīs gregibus incidērunt.making for the highest ridges of the mountains, where the flames twinkled least thickly, as if that were the safest way, they nonetheless ran into some oxen that had strayed from their herds. Liv. 22.17.4Et prīmō cum procul cernerent, velutī flammās spīrantium mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt;And at first, when they saw them from afar, they stood still, thunderstruck at the marvel of creatures that seemed to breathe flames; Liv. 22.17.5deinde ut hūmāna appāruit fraus, tum vērō, īnsidiās ratī esse, cum maiōre tumultū concitant sē in fugam.then, when it became clear that the trick was a human one, thinking that there was an ambush, they took to flight in even greater panic.

Liv. 22.17.6Levī quoque armātūrae hostium incurrēre;They ran into the enemy's light-armed troops as well; Liv. 22.17.6cēterum nox aequātō timōre neutrōs pugnam incipientīs ad lūcem tenuit.but the night, making the fear equal, kept both sides from starting a fight until daylight. Liv. 22.17.7Intereā tōtō agmine Hannibal trānsductō per saltum et quibusdam in ipsō saltū hostium oppressīs in agrō Allīfānō posuit castra.Meanwhile Hannibal, having brought his whole column through the pass and overwhelmed some of the enemy in the pass itself, pitched camp in the territory of Allifae.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×5, gerunds and gerundives ×1, indirect statement ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (133 words)
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
tenebrae, -ārum f. pl.darkness
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus, m. and f.ox, bull, cow
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
rādīx, -īcis f.root; (of a hill) foot
mōns, montis, m.mountain
via, -ae, f.road, way
que, enclitic conj.and
angustus, -a, -umnarrow, cramped
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
armentum, -ī n.herd (of cattle)
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
concitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstir up, rouse
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
relūceō, -ēre, -lūxīshine back, glow
flamma, -ae, f.flame
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
caput, capitis, n.head
calor, -ōris, m.heat
iam, adv.now, already
vīvus, -a, -umalive, living
īmus, -a, -umlowest (ab īmō: from the bottom)
veluteven or just as, as
stimulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgoad, spur on, incite
furor, -ōris, m.rage, fury, frenzy, madness
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
repente (adv.)suddenly
discursus, -ūs m.running about; a darting movement
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
secus (prep. + acc.)beside, along
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
omnis, -eall, every
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
virgultum, -ī n.brushwood, thicket
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsusbe on fire, burn
irritus, -a, -uminvalid, of no effect; irritum facere: make void, cancel
quassātiō, -ōnis f.shaking, tossing
excitō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātuscall out, arouse
homō, hominis, m.man
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
discurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursumrun in different directions, scatter
speciēs, -ēī, f.sight, appearance, shape
praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit
trānsitus, -ūs m.crossing, passage
saltus, -ūs m.wooded pass, forest glade, woodland
īnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessussettle on; become fixed in
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
ignis, -is, m.fire
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
quā, adv.in which place, where
minimē, adv.least, very little; by no means, not at all
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
micō, -āre, -uīflash, glitter
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
pālor, -ārī, -ātus sumwander, straggle
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
grex, gregis m.flock, herd; band, gang
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
prīmō, adv.at first
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētusdiscern, perceive, make out
velutī (adv.)just as, as if
spīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbreathe; (of wind) blow
mīrāculum, -ī, n.wonder, marvel, miracle
attonitus, -a, -umthunderstruck, astonished
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
deinde, adv.then, next
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
tum, adv.then, at that time
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. plur.ambush; plot, stratagem
cum, prep, with abl.with
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
fuga, -ae, f.flight
levis, -elight, slight
quoque, adv.also
armātūra, -ae f.armour, equipment (levis armātūra: light-armed troops)
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
incurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursumrun (into), charge, rush at
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
nox, noctis, f.night
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
timor, -ōris, m.fear
neuter, neutra, neutrumneither
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
lūx, lūcis, f.light
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
trādūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead across
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress against, overpower, crush
ager, agri, m.field, land
Allīfānus, -a, -umof Allifae, a town of Samnium
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.