| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| diū, adv. | for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp |
| anceps, ancipitis | two-sided, on two fronts; doubtful |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| certāmen, -minis, n. | struggle, contest |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| quia (conj.) | because |
| praeter, prep. with acc. | before, past, by; besides, except |
| spēs, speī, f. | hope |
| resistō, -sistere, -stitī | stand back, resist |
| crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētum | grow, rise (in power) |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum | conquer, defeat |
| prō, prep. with abl. | before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for |
| clāmor, -ōris, m. | shout, cry |
| repente (adv.) | suddenly |
| oppidānus, -ī m. | townsman (pl. the people of the town) |
| tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus | lift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor |
| hostis, -is, m. and f. | enemy, foe |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| ruīna, -ae f. | fall, collapse, ruin |
| mūrus, -ī, m. | wall |
| expellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus | drive out, expel |
| inde (adv.) | from there; then |
| impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītus | hinder, prevent, impede |
| trepidō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | be in a panic, hurry about in alarm |
| exturbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | drive out, thrust out |
| postrēmō (adv.) | finally, at last |
| fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum | pour; rout, scatter (an enemy) |
| fugō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | put to flight, rout |
| castra, -ōrum, n. plur. | camp |
| redigō, -ere, redēgī, redāctum | bring back; reduce (to a condition) |
| interim (adv.) | meanwhile |
| ā, ab (prep. + abl.) | away from, from; by (ā only before consonants) |
| lēgātus, -ī, m. | ambassador |
| veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus | come |
| nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | report, announce |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| obviam, adv. | in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| mare, maris, n. | sea |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus | send |
| dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus | say, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| tūtō (adv.; comp. tūtius) | safely |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| adeō, -īre, -iī, -itus | go to, approach |
| inter, prep, with acc. | among, between |
| tot (indecl.) | so many |
| tam, adv. | so |
| effrēnātus, -a, -um | unbridled, unrestrained |
| gēns, gentis, f. | race, nation |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| tantus, -a, -um | so great or much |
| discrīmen, -crīminis, n. | crisis, peril, danger |
| rēs, reī, f. | thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really |
| opera, -ae, f. | effort, work, labor |
| lēgātiō, -ōnis f. | embassy, mission |
| audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus | hear; listen or attend to |
| appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itum | appear, come into view, show oneself |
| admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus | send to, admit; allow |
| prōtinus (adv.) | straight on; at once |
| eō, īre, iī, itus | go |
| litterae, -ārum f. pl. | letters (of the alphabet); a letter, dispatch |
| igitur, conj. | therefore |
| nūntius, -ī, m. | messenger; message |
| prīnceps, -ipis | first, chief; as noun: leader |
| factiō, -ōnis f. | party, faction |
| Barcīnus, -a, -um | of the Barca family (Hamilcar's clan); (m. pl.) the Barcine faction |
| praemittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum | send ahead |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| praeparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | prepare beforehand |
| suus, -a, -um | his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their |
| nē, adv. | not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest |
| quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. | any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| alter, -era, -erum | one or the other (of two); another, second |
| grātificor, -ārī, -ātus sum | do a favour, oblige, gratify |
| populus, -ī m. | people, nation |
| Rōmānus, -a, -um | Roman |
| possum, posse, potuī | be able, have power, can |