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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.7

The siege of Saguntum begins

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Liv. 21.7.1Dum ea Rōmānī parant cōnsultantque, iam Saguntum summā vī oppugnābātur.While the Romans were preparing and deliberating on these things, Saguntum was already being attacked with all possible force. Liv. 21.7.2Cīvitās ea longē opulentissima ultrā Hibērum fuit, sita passūs mīlle ferme ā marīa.That city was by far the wealthiest beyond the Ebro, situated about a mile from the sea. Liv. 21.7.2Oriundī ā Zacynthō īnsulā dīcuntur, mīxtīque etiam ab Ardeā Rutulōrum quīdam generis;Its people are said to have come originally from the island of Zacynthus, and some of Rutulian stock from Ardea were also mixed with them; Liv. 21.7.3cēterum in tantās brevī crēverant opēs seu maritimīs seu terrestribus frūctibus seu multitūdinis incrēmentō seu disciplīnae sānctitāte, quā fidem sociālem ūsque ad perniciem suam coluērunt.but in a short time they had grown to such great wealth, whether through the produce of sea or land, or the increase of their numbers, or the integrity of their discipline, by which they kept faith with their allies even to their own destruction. Liv. 21.7.4Hannibal īnfestō exercitū ingressus fīnīs pervastātīs passim agrīs urbem tripertītō adgreditur.Hannibal, having entered their territory with his army ready for war and laid waste the fields far and wide, attacks the city on three sides.

Liv. 21.7.5Angulus mūrī erat in plāniōrem patentiōremque quam cētera circā vallem vergēns.There was a corner of the wall sloping down towards a valley more level and open than the rest of the ground around. Liv. 21.7.5Adversus eum vīneās agere īnstituit, per quās ariēs moenibus admovērī posset.Against it he began to move up siege-sheds, under cover of which a battering-ram could be brought up to the walls. Liv. 21.7.6Sed ut locus procul mūrō satis aequus agendīs vīneīs fuit, ita haudquāquam prosperē, postquam ad effectum operis ventum est, coeptīs succēdēbat.But though the ground at a distance from the wall was level enough for moving the sheds, the undertaking went by no means well once it came to carrying out the work. Liv. 21.7.7Et turris ingēns imminēbat, et mūrus, ut in suspectō locō, suprā cēterae modum altitūdinis ēmūnītus erat, et iuventūs dēlēcta, ubi plūrimum perīculī ac timōris ostendēbātur, ibi vī maiōre obsistēbant.A huge tower overhung the spot, and the wall, as was natural in a vulnerable place, had been built up beyond the height of the rest, and picked young men resisted with greater force where the most danger and fear were threatened.

Liv. 21.7.8Ac prīmō missilibus submovēre hostem nec quicquam satis tūtum mūnientibus patī;At first they drove the enemy back with missiles and allowed those working on the siege-works no safety at all; Liv. 21.7.8deinde iam nōn prō moenibus modo atque turrī tēla micāre, sed ad ērumpendum etiam in statiōnēs operaque hostium animus erat;then weapons were no longer flashing only in front of the walls and the tower, but they even had the spirit to sally out against the outposts and works of the enemy; Liv. 21.7.9quibus tumultuāriīs certāminibus haud ferme plūrēs Saguntīnī cadēbant quam Poenī.and in these disorderly skirmishes, as a rule, hardly more Saguntines fell than Carthaginians. Liv. 21.7.10Ut vērō Hannibal ipse, dum mūrum incautius subit, adversum femur tragulā graviter ictus cecidit, tanta circā fuga ac trepidātiō fuit, ut nōn multum abesset, quīn opera ac vīneae dēsererentur.But when Hannibal himself, while approaching the wall too incautiously, fell badly wounded in the front of the thigh by a javelin, there was such flight and panic all around that the siege-works and sheds were very nearly abandoned.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (151 words)
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
cōnsultō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdeliberate, take counsel; consult the interests of (+ dat.)
que, enclitic conj.and
iam, adv.now, already
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
longē, adv.far
opulentus, -a, -umrich, wealthy, powerful
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
situs, -a, -umplaced, situated
passus, -ūs, m.pace (mīlia passuum: miles)
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
mare, maris, n.sea
oriundus, -a, -umdescended, sprung (from: ab + abl.)
īnsula, -ae, f.island
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
brevis, -eshort
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
maritimus, -a, -umof the sea, coastal
terrestris, -eof the land, on land
frūctus, -ūs, m.enjoyment; fruit
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
incrēmentum, -ī n.growth, increase
disciplīna, -ae f.training, discipline
sānctitās, -ātis f.holiness, sanctity; purity, integrity
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
sociālis, -esocial, companionable; of allies, allied; of alliance
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
perniciēs, -ēī f.ruin, destruction
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
colō, colere, coluī, cultustill, cultivate; inhabit; worship
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
pervastō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslay waste completely, ravage
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
ager, agri, m.field, land
urbs, urbis, f.city
tripertītō (adv.)in three divisions
adgredior, -gredī, -gressus sumapproach; address; attack; undertake
angulus, -ī m.corner, angle
mūrus, -ī, m.wall
plānus, -a, -umflat, level
patēns, -entisopen, exposed, unobstructed; wide, extensive
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
vallis, -is, f.valley
vergō, -ereslope, lie (toward)
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
vīnea, -ae f.shed (a movable shelter for besiegers)
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
īnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusdecide upon, determine
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
ariēs, -etis, m.ram
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
admoveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove up, bring near
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
sed, conj.but
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
haudquāquam, adv.in no wise, not at all
prosperē (adv.)successfully, favourably
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
effectus, -ūs m.result, accomplishment, success
opus, operis, n.work, task
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
coeptum, -ī n.undertaking, a thing begun
succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo or come under, follow after, succeed
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
turris, -is f.tower; siege tower
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
immineō, -ērehang over; threaten, be close at hand
suspectus, -a, -umsuspected, mistrusted
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.above, before
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
altitūdō, -inis f.height; depth
ēmūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify, strengthen; make passable (by building roads over)
iuventūs, -ūtis f.youth; the young men
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctuschoose out, choose, select
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
plūrimum (adv.)most, very much (plūrimum posse: be most powerful)
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
timor, -ōris, m.fear
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
ibi, adv.in that place, there
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
obsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum (+ dat.)stand in the way of, resist
prīmō, adv.at first
missilis, -ethat can be thrown; (n. pl.) missiles
submoveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtumdrive back
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
deinde, adv.then, next
nōn, adv.not
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
modo, adv.only
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
micō, -āre, -uīflash, glitter
ērumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptumburst out, sally
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
tumultuārius, -a, -umhastily raised, scratch (of troops)
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
incautē (adv.)carelessly, without due caution
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
femur, -oris n.thigh
tragula, -ae f.javelin (a Gallic throwing spear)
graviter, adv.severely, seriously
īcō, -ere, īcī, ictusstrike, hit; foedus īcere: make a treaty
fuga, -ae, f.flight
trepidātiō, -ōnis f.alarm, agitation
multum, -ī, n.much
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
quīn, conj.so that ... not, but that, but
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.