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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.57

Panic at Rome; Hannibal's winter raids

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Liv. 21.57.1Rōmam tantus terror ex hāc clāde perlātus est, ut iam ad urbem Rōmānam crēderent īnfestīs signīs hostem ventūrum, nec quicquam speī aut auxiliī esse, quō portīs moenibusque vim arcērent: ūnō cōnsule ad Ticīnum victō alterum ex Siciliā revocātum;Such terror at this disaster reached Rome that they believed the enemy would soon march on the city of Rome with hostile standards, and that there was no hope or help by which they could keep his assault from the gates and walls: one consul had been beaten at the Ticinus, the other recalled from Sicily; Liv. 21.57.2duōbus cōnsulibus, duōbus cōnsulāribus exercitibus victīs quōs aliōs ducēs, quās aliās legiōnēs esse, quae arcessantur?now that two consuls and two consular armies had been beaten, what other generals, what other legions were there to be summoned? Liv. 21.57.3Ita territīs Semprōnius cōnsul advēnit, ingentī perīculō per effūsōs passim ad praedandum hostium equitēs audāciā magis quam cōnsiliō aut spē fallendī resistendīve, sī nōn falleret, trānsgressus.While they were thus terrified, the consul Sempronius arrived, having passed at great danger through the enemy's cavalry, scattered everywhere for plunder, by boldness rather than by design or any hope of escaping notice, or of resisting if he did not escape it.

Liv. 21.57.4Inde, quod ūnum maximē in praesentiā dēsīderābātur, comitiīs cōnsulāribus habitīs in hīberna rediit.Then, having held the consular elections, which was the one thing most needed at present, he returned to winter quarters. Liv. 21.57.4Creātī cōnsulēs Cn. Servīlius et C. Flāminius iterum.Gnaeus Servilius and Gaius Flaminius, for the second time, were elected consuls. Liv. 21.57.5Cēterum nē hīberna quidem Rōmānīs quiēta erant vagantibus passim Numidīs equitibus et, ut quaeque iīs impedītiōra erant, Celtiberīs Lūsītānīsque.But not even winter quarters were quiet for the Romans, as Numidian cavalry roamed everywhere and, where the ground was more difficult for them, Celtiberians and Lusitanians. Liv. 21.57.5Omnēs igitur undique clausī commeātūs erant, nisi quōs Padō nāvēs subveherent.All supplies from every direction were therefore cut off, except those that ships brought up the Po. Liv. 21.57.6Emporium prope Placentiam fuit et opere magnō mūnītum et validō firmātum praesidiō.There was a trading post near Placentia, both fortified with great works and strengthened by a strong garrison. Liv. 21.57.6Eius castellī oppugnandī spē cum equitibus ac levī armātūrā profectus Hannibal, cum plūrimum in cēlandō inceptō ad effectum speī habuisset, nocte adortus nōn fefellit vigilēs.Hannibal set out with his cavalry and light-armed troops in the hope of storming this stronghold, and since he had placed his chief hope of success in concealing the enterprise, he attacked by night, but did not elude the sentries.

Liv. 21.57.7Tantus repente clamor est sublātus, ut Placentiae quoque audīrētur.Such a shout was suddenly raised that it was heard even at Placentia. Liv. 21.57.7Itaque sub lūcem cum equitātū cōnsul aderat iussīs quadrātō agmine legiōnibus sequī.And so towards dawn the consul was there with the cavalry, having ordered the legions to follow in square formation. Liv. 21.57.8Equestre interim proelium commissum;Meanwhile a cavalry battle was joined; Liv. 21.57.8in quō quia saucius Hannibal pugnā excessit, pavōre hostibus iniectō dēfēnsum ēgregiē praesidium est.and in it, because Hannibal was wounded and withdrew from the fight, panic was struck into the enemy and the post was splendidly defended. Liv. 21.57.9Paucōrum inde diērum quiēte sūmptā et vixdum satis percūrātō vulnere ad Uictumulās oppugnandās īre pergit.Then, having taken a few days' rest, and with his wound scarcely yet properly healed, he goes on to attack Victumulae. Liv. 21.57.10Id emporium Rōmānīs Gallicō bellō fuerat;This had been a trading post for the Romans in the Gallic war; Liv. 21.57.10mūnītum inde locum frequentāverant adcolae mīxtī undique ex fīnitimīs populīs, et tum terror populātiōnum eō plērōsque ex agrīs conpulerat.after that, settlers mixed from all the neighbouring peoples had thronged to the fortified place, and at that time fear of the raids had driven most people there from the countryside.

Liv. 21.57.11Huius generis multitūdō fāmā inpigrē dēfēnsī ad Placentiam praesidiī accēnsa armīs arreptīs obviam Hannibalī prōcēdit.A crowd of this kind, fired by the report of the vigorous defence of the post near Placentia, seizes its arms and goes out to meet Hannibal. Liv. 21.57.12Magis agmina quam aciēs in viā concurrērunt, et cum ex alterā parte nihil praeter inconditam turbam esset, in alterā et dux mīlitī et mīles ducī fīdēns, ad trīgintā quīnque mīlia hominum ā paucīs fūsa.They clashed on the road as columns on the march rather than as battle lines, and since on one side there was nothing but an undisciplined mob, while on the other the general trusted his soldiers and the soldiers their general, about thirty-five thousand men were routed by a few. Liv. 21.57.13Posterō diē dēditiōne factā praesidium intrā moenia accēpēre;The next day they surrendered and received a garrison within their walls; Liv. 21.57.13iussīque arma trādere cum dictō pāruissent, signum repente victōribus datur, ut tamquam vī captam urbem dīriperent.and when, ordered to hand over their arms, they had obeyed the command, a signal is suddenly given to the victors to plunder the city as if it had been taken by storm.

Liv. 21.57.14Neque ūlla, quae in tālī rē memorābilis scrībentibus vidērī solet, praetermissa clādēs est: adeō omne libīdinis crūdēlitātisque et inhūmānae superbiae ēditum in miserōs exemplum est.Nor was any calamity omitted that writers usually think worth recording in such a case: so thoroughly was every example of lust, cruelty and inhuman arrogance displayed upon those wretched people. Liv. 21.57.14Hae fuēre hībernae expedītiōnēs Hannibalis.Such were Hannibal's winter campaigns.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×10, indirect statement ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×6, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (217 words)
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
clādēs, -is f.disaster, defeat, destruction
perferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbear through, bear, endure; weather
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
iam, adv.now, already
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
urbs, urbis, f.city
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
spēs, speī, f.hope
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
que, enclitic conj.and
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
arceō, -ēre, -uīkeep off, keep away, shut out
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
arcessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītuscall, summon, fetch
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
adveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome to or toward, approach, arrive
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
praedor, -ārī, -ātusplunder
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
resistō, -sistere, -stitīstand back, resist
sī, conj.if
nōn, adv.not
trānsgredior, -ī, -gressus sumcross over
inde (adv.)from there; then
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
praesentia, -ae, f.the present
dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslong for, miss; require
comitia, -ōrum n. pl.the assembly of the Roman people for voting; elections
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
hīberna, -ōrum n. pl.winter quarters
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuselect, appoint
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
iterum, adv.again, a second time
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
vagor, -ārī, -ātus sumwander, roam
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
impedītus, -a, -umhindered; hard to cross, impassable
omnis, -eall, every
igitur, conj.therefore
undique, adv.from or on all sides
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
commeātus, -ūs, m.supplies, provisions
nisi, conj.if not, unless
nāvis, -is, f.ship
subvehō, -ere, -vēxī, -vectumbring up (by water)
emporium, -ī n.trading post, market town
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
opus, operis, n.work, task
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
validus, -a, -umstrong
firmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstrengthen, secure
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
castellum, -ī n.fort, redoubt
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
cum, prep, with abl.with
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
levis, -elight, slight
armātūra, -ae f.armour, equipment (levis armātūra: light-armed troops)
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
cēlō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushide, conceal
inceptum, -ī n.beginning, attempt, undertaking
effectus, -ūs m.result, accomplishment, success
nox, noctis, f.night
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
vigil, -is m.watchman, sentry
repente (adv.)suddenly
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
quoque, adv.also
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
lūx, lūcis, f.light
equitātus, -ūs m.cavalry
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
quadrātus, -a, -umsquared, square; saxum quadrātum: dressed stone
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
equester, -tris, -treof cavalry
interim (adv.)meanwhile
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
quia (conj.)because
saucius, -a, -umwounded
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
dēfendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusward off; defend
ēgregiē, adv.excellently, splendidly, admirably
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
vixdum (adv.)hardly yet, scarcely yet
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
percūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusheal completely
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctumgo on, press on
Gallicus, -a, -umGallic, of Gaul
bellum, -ī, n.war
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
frequentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusvisit often; crowd, fill
accola, -ae m.neighbour, one living nearby
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
fīnitimus, -a, -umneighboring, adjoining
populus, -ī m.people, nation
tum, adv.then, at that time
populātiō, -ōnis f.plundering, ravaging
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
ager, agri, m.field, land
compellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive together, drive
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
impigrē (adv.)energetically, briskly
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
arripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptusseize, snatch up
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
via, -ae, f.road, way
concurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun, rush, or dash together
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
inconditus, -a, -umrough, unpolished, artless; disorderly
turba, -ae f.crowd
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
fīdō, -ere, fīsus sumtrust, rely on (+ dat. or abl.); fīdēns, confident, bold
trīgintā (indecl.)thirty
quīnquefive
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
homō, hominis, m.man
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsumpour; rout, scatter (an enemy)
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
dēditiō, -ōnis f.surrender
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
intrā, prep. with acc.within
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
dictum, -ī n.word, order (dictō audiēns: obedient)
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
dīripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptumplunder
ūllus, -a, -umany
tālis, -esuch
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
memorābilis, -eworth telling, memorable
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
praetermittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missuslet pass, neglect, omit
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
libīdō, -inis f.desire, lust; caprice
crūdēlitās, -ātis f.cruelty
inhūmānus, -a, -uminhuman, savage, cruel
superbia, -ae f.pride, arrogance
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
miser, misera, miserumwretched, unhappy
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
hībernus, -a, -umwintry, of winter
expedītiō, -ōnis f.expedition, raid
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.