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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.54

Hannibal lays an ambush

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Liv. 21.54.1Erat in mediō rīvus praealtīs utrimque clausus rīpīs et circā obsitus palūstribus herbīs et, quibus inculta ferme vestiuntur, virgultīs vepribusque.Between the armies was a stream, enclosed on both sides by very high banks and overgrown round about with marsh plants and with the brushwood and brambles that usually clothe uncultivated ground. Liv. 21.54.1Quem ubi equitēs quoque tegendō satis latebrōsum locum circumvectus ipse oculīs perlūstrāvit, " hic erit locus," Magōnī frātrī ait "quem teneās.When he had ridden round it himself and surveyed with his own eyes a place with cover enough to hide even cavalry, he said to his brother Mago, 'This will be the place for you to hold. Liv. 21.54.2Dēlige centēnōs virōs ex omnī pedite atque equite, cum quibus ad mē vigiliā prīmā veniās;Choose a hundred men apiece from all the infantry and cavalry, and come to me with them at the first watch; Liv. 21.54.3nunc corpora cūrāre tempus est."now it is time to look after your bodies.' Liv. 21.54.3Ita praetōrium missum.So the council was dismissed. Liv. 21.54.3Mox cum dēlēctīs Magō aderat.Soon Mago was there with his chosen men.

Liv. 21.54.3" rōbora virōrum cernō" inquit Hannibal;'I see the pick of the men,' said Hannibal; Liv. 21.54.3"sed utī numerō etiam, nōn animīs modo valeātis, singulī vōbīs novēnōs ex turmīs manipulīsque vestrī similēs ēligite.'but so that you may be strong in numbers too, not only in spirit, let each of you choose nine men like yourselves from the squadrons and maniples. Liv. 21.54.3Magō locum mōnstrābit, quem īnsideātis: hostem caecum ad hās bellī artēs habētis."Mago will show you the place where you are to lie in wait: you have an enemy who is blind to these arts of war.' Liv. 21.54.3Ita mīlle equitibus , mīlle peditibus dīmissīs Hannibal prīmā lūce Numidās equitēs trānsgressōs Trebiam flūmen obequitāre iubet hostium portīs iaculandōque in statiōnēs ēlicere ad pugnam hostem, iniectō deinde certāmine cēdendō sēnsim citrā flūmen pertrahere.So, having sent off a thousand horse and a thousand foot, Hannibal at first light orders the Numidian cavalry to cross the river Trebia, ride up to the enemy's gates, and by hurling javelins at the outposts draw the enemy out to battle; then, once the fight was joined, by giving ground to draw them gradually across to this side of the river.

Liv. 21.54.5Haec mandāta Numidīs;These were the orders given to the Numidians; Liv. 21.54.5cēterīs ducibus peditum equitumque praeceptum, ut prandēre omnēs iubērent, armātōs deinde īnstrātīsque equīs signum expectāre.the other commanders of infantry and cavalry were instructed to order all their men to take their morning meal and then, armed and with their horses saddled, to await the signal. Liv. 21.54.6Semprōnius ad tumultum Numidārum prīmum omnem equitātum, ferōx eā parte vīrium, deinde sex mīlia peditum, postrēmō omnēs cōpiās ab dēstinātō iam ante cōnsiliō avidus certāminis ēdūxit.Sempronius, at the uproar of the Numidians, led out first all his cavalry, being confident in that part of his forces, then six thousand infantry, and finally all his forces, eager for battle in keeping with a plan already formed beforehand. Liv. 21.54.7Erat forte brūmae tempus et nivālis diēs in locīs Alpibus Appennīnōque interiectīs, propinquitāte etiam flūminum ac palūdum praegelidīs.It happened to be the season of the winter solstice and a snowy day in the region lying between the Alps and the Apennines, which was bitterly cold, too, from the nearness of rivers and marshes.

Liv. 21.54.8Ad hoc raptim ēductīs hominibus atque equīs, nōn captō ante cibō, nōn ope ūllā ad arcendum frīgus adhibitā, nihil calōris īnerat, et quidquid aurae flūminis adpropinquābant, adflābat ācrior frīgoris vīs.Besides, since men and horses had been led out in haste, without first taking food and without any means applied to keep off the cold, there was no warmth in them, and the nearer they came to the breeze off the river, the keener the force of the cold that blew upon them. Liv. 21.54.9Ut vērō refugientēs Numidās īnsequentēs aquam ingressī sunt — et erat pectoribus tenus aucta nocturnō imbrī — , tum utique ēgressīs rigēre omnibus corpora, ut vix armōrum tenendōrum potentia esset, et simul lassitūdine et prōcēdente iam diē fame etiam dēficere.But when, pursuing the Numidians as they fell back, they entered the water, which had risen breast-high with the night's rain, then indeed, when they came out, everyone's bodies were so stiff that they hardly had the strength to hold their weapons, and at the same time they began to fail from weariness and, as the day wore on, from hunger too.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×5, purpose clauses ×2, ablative absolute ×7

Latin vocabulary for this passage (175 words)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
medium, -ī n.the middle; in mediō: in the midst
rīvus, -ī m.stream, brook
praealtus, -a, -umvery high; very deep
utrimque, adv.on either side or both sides
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
rīpa, -ae, f.bank
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
obserō, -serere, -sēvī, -situssow, plant; cover, fill
palūster, -tris, -tremarshy, swampy
herba, -ae, f.herb, plant
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
incultus, -a, -umuntilled, uncultivated; wild, rough
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītumclothe, dress
virgultum, -ī n.brushwood, thicket
veprēs, -is m. (mostly pl.)thorn bush, brambles
que, enclitic conj.and
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
quoque, adv.also
tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctuscover
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
latebrōsus, -a, -umfull of hiding places, porous
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
circumvehor, -vehī, -vectus sumride around
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
oculus, -ī, m.eye
perlūstrō, -lūstrāre, -lūstrāvi, -lūstrātuslook over, examine, survey
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
frāter, frātris, m.brother
āiō (defective)say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctuschoose out, choose, select
centēnī, -ae, -aa hundred each, in hundreds
vir, virī, m.man
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
omnis, -eall, every
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
cum, prep, with abl.with
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
nunc, adv.now
corpus, corporis, n.body
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
praetōrium, -ī n.governor's residence, headquarters
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
mox, adv.soon
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētusdiscern, perceive, make out
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
sed, conj.but
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
numerus, -ī, m.number
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
nōn, adv.not
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
modo, adv.only
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
vōsplur. of tū
novēnī, -ae, -anine each
turma, -ae f.troop, squadron of cavalry
manipulus, -ī m.maniple (a company of soldiers)
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctumpick out, choose
mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspoint out, show
īnsideō, -ēre, -sēdīsit on; be fixed in, dwell in
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
caecus, -a, -umblind
bellum, -ī, n.war
ars, artis, f.art
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
lūx, lūcis, f.light
trānsgredior, -ī, -gressus sumcross over
flūmen, -minis, n.river
obequitō, -āre, -āvīride up to, ride along in front of
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
iaculor, -ārī, -ātus sumthrow, hurl
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
ēliciō, -ere, -uī, -ituslure out, draw out, entice
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
deinde, adv.then, next
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
sēnsim, adv.gradually, little by little
citrā (prep. + acc.)on this side of
pertrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractusdrag, draw (to a place); lure, bring round
mandō, -dāre, -dāvī, -dātusput in hand, intrust, commit; charge, command
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake beforehand, anticipate; order, charge
prandeō, -ēre, prandī, prānsuseat breakfast or a midday meal
armātus, -a, -umarmed
īnsternō, -ere, -strāvī, -strātusspread over, cover
equus, -ī, m.horse
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
equitātus, -ūs m.cavalry
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
sex (indecl.)six
postrēmō (adv.)finally, at last
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
dēstinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfasten, make fast
iam, adv.now, already
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
avidus, -a, -umeager, greedy (for: gen.)
ēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead out, draw
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
brūma, -ae f.midwinter, the winter solstice
nivālis, -esnowy, covered with snow
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
intericiō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectumput between, interweave
propinquitās, -ātis f.nearness; kinship
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
praegelidus, -a, -umvery cold, icy
raptim, adv.hurriedly, in haste
homō, hominis, m.man
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
cibus, -ī, m.food
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
ūllus, -a, -umany
arceō, -ēre, -uīkeep off, keep away, shut out
frīgus, -oris n.cold
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold to, employ, show
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
calor, -ōris, m.heat
īnsum, inesse, īnfuībe in, be present in (dat.)
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
aura, -ae, f.air, breeze
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātusapproach to, approach
afflō (adflō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusblow on, breathe upon
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
refugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee back, run away, retreat
īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow upon or up, pursue
aqua, -ae, f.water
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
pectus, pectoris, n.breast
tenus (prep. + abl., after its noun)as far as, up to
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
nocturnus, -a, -umof night, nocturnal; nocturnum tempus, night-time
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
tum, adv.then, at that time
utique (adv.)certainly, by all means; yes indeed
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo out or forth, go ashore, disembark
rigeō, -ērebe stiff
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
potentia, -ae f.power, influence
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
lassitūdō, -inis, f.weariness
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
famēs, -is, abl. famē, f.hunger
dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusfail
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.