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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.46

Cavalry battle at the Ticinus

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Liv. 21.46.1Apud Rōmānōs haudquāquam tanta alacritās erat, super cētera recentibus etiam territōs prōdigiīs;Among the Romans there was nothing like such eagerness, for besides everything else they were also frightened by recent portents; Liv. 21.46.2nam et lupus intrāverat castra laniātīsque obviīs ipse intāctus ēvāserat, et exāmen apum in arbore praetōriō imminente cōnsēderat.for a wolf had entered the camp and, after mangling those it met, had got away untouched itself, and a swarm of bees had settled on a tree overhanging the general's tent. Liv. 21.46.3Quibus prōcūrātīs Scīpiō cum equitātū iaculātōribusque expedītīs profectus ad castra hostium ex propinquō cōpiāsque, quantae et cuius generis essent, speculandās, obvius fit Hannibalī et ipsī cum equitibus ad explōranda circā loca prōgressō.When these portents had been expiated, Scipio set out with his cavalry and light-armed javelin-men to reconnoitre at close range the enemy's camp and their forces, how large and of what kind they were, and runs into Hannibal, who had himself also come forward with his cavalry to explore the surrounding country. Liv. 21.46.4Neutrī alterōs prīmō cernēbant;At first neither side could see the other; Liv. 21.46.4dēnsior deinde incessū tot hominum et equōrum oriēns pulvis signum propinquantium hostium fuit.then the dust rising more thickly from the movement of so many men and horses was a sign that the enemy was approaching.

Liv. 21.46.4Cōnsistit utrumque agmen, et ad proelium sēsē expediēbant.Both columns halt, and they began to make ready for battle. Liv. 21.46.5Scīpiō iaculātōrēs et Gallōs equitēs in fronte locat Rōmānōs, Romanos!Scipio places the javelin-men and the Gallic cavalry in front, the Romans — Liv. 21.46.5Sociōrumque quod rōboris fuit, in subsidiīs;and whatever strength the allies had, in reserve; Liv. 21.46.5Hannibal frēnātōs equitēs in medium accipit, cornua Numidīs firmat.Hannibal takes the bridled cavalry into the centre and strengthens the wings with the Numidians. Liv. 21.46.6Vixdum clamōre sublātō iaculātōrēs fūgērunt inter subsidia ad secundam aciem.The shout had scarcely been raised when the javelin-men fled among the reserves to the second line. Liv. 21.46.6Inde equitum certāmen erat aliquamdiū anceps;Then the cavalry fight was for some time evenly balanced; Liv. 21.46.6Dein, quia turbābant equōs peditēs intermixtī, multīs lābentibus ex equīs aut dēsilientibus, ubi suōs premī circumventōs vīdissent, iam magnā ex parte ad pedēs pugna vēnerat, dōnec Numidae, quī in cornibus erant, circumvectī paulum ab tergō sē ostendērunt.then, because the infantry mixed in among them were frightening the horses, and many riders were slipping off their mounts or leaping down whenever they saw their comrades surrounded and hard pressed, the battle had already largely become a fight on foot, until the Numidians, who were on the wings, rode round a little way and showed themselves in the rear.

Liv. 21.46.7Is pavor perculit Rōmānōs, auxitque pavōrem cōnsulis vulnus perīculumque intercursū tum prīmum pūbēscentis fīlī prōpulsātum.This panic struck the Romans, and the panic was increased by the consul's wound and by his danger, which was warded off by the intervention of his son, then just coming to manhood. Liv. 21.46.8Hic erit iuvenis, penes quem perfectī huiusce bellī laus est, Āfricānus ob ēgregiam victōriam dē Hannibale Poenīsque appellātus.This will be the young man to whom belongs the glory of finishing this war, named Africanus for his outstanding victory over Hannibal and the Carthaginians. Liv. 21.46.9Fuga tamen effūsa iaculātōrum māxumē fuit, quōs prīmōs Numidae invāsērunt;The flight, however, was most headlong among the javelin-men, whom the Numidians attacked first; Liv. 21.46.9alius cōnfertus equitātus cōnsulem in medium acceptum nōn armīs modo sed etiam corporibus suīs prōtegēns in castra nūsquam trepide neque effūsē cēdendō redūxit.the rest of the cavalry, in close order, took the consul into their midst and, shielding him not only with their arms but with their own bodies, brought him back to camp, nowhere retreating in panic or disorder.

Liv. 21.46.10Servātī cōnsulis decus Coelius ad servum nātiōne Ligurem dēlēgat;Coelius assigns the credit for saving the consul to a slave, a Ligurian by birth; Liv. 21.46.10mālim equidem dē fīliō vērum esse, quod et plūrēs trādidēre auctōrēs et fāma obtinuit.for my part I should prefer the story about the son to be true, which both more authorities have handed down and tradition has upheld.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×4, gerunds and gerundives ×3, indirect statement ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (176 words)
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
haudquāquam, adv.in no wise, not at all
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
alacritās, -ātis f.eagerness, enthusiasm
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
prōdigium, -ī n.portent; monster
nam, conj.for
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
lupus, -ī m.wolf
intrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgo within or into, enter
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
laniō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustear to pieces, mangle
que, enclitic conj.and
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
intāctus, -a, -umuntouched, unharmed
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
exāmen, -inis n.swarm; tongue of a balance, hence the balance itself
apis, -is f.bee
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
arbor, -oris, f.tree
praetōrium, -ī n.governor's residence, headquarters
immineō, -ērehang over; threaten, be close at hand
cōnsīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessussit down
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
prōcūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustake care of, manage
cum, prep, with abl.with
equitātus, -ūs m.cavalry
iaculātor, -ōris m.javelin-thrower, light-armed skirmisher
expedītus, -a, -umunobstructed, easy; lightly equipped
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
propinquus, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m./-a f.near; (noun) relative
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
speculor, -ārī, -ātus sumspy, watch
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
explōrō, -plōrāre, -plōrāvī, -plōrātussearch out, explore
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
prōgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo forward, advance
neuter, neutra, neutrumneither
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
prīmō, adv.at first
cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētusdiscern, perceive, make out
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
deinde, adv.then, next
incessus, -ūs m.walk, gait
tot (indecl.)so many
homō, hominis, m.man
equus, -ī, m.horse
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
pulvis, -eris m.dust
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
propinquō, -āre, -āvīdraw near, approach
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
frōns, frontis, f.forehead
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
subsidium, -ī, n.reserve, reinforcement, support, help
frēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbridle, restrain
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
firmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstrengthen, secure
vixdum (adv.)hardly yet, scarcely yet
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
secundus, -a, -umfollowing, favorable
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
inde (adv.)from there; then
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
aliquam diū (adv.)for some time
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
quia (conj.)because
turbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconfuse, throw into disorder, disturb, trouble
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
intermisceō, -ēre, -miscuī, -mixtusmix in, mingle with
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
lābor, lābī, lapsusslip, glide, fall
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
dēsiliō, -silīre, -siluī, -sultusleap down
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
iam, adv.now, already
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
pēs, pedis, m.foot
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
dōnec (conj.)until; while, as long as
circumvehor, -vehī, -vectus sumride around
paulum, adv.a little, somewhat
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tergum, -ī, n.back
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsusstrike down; dismay, crush
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
intercursus, -ūs m.intervention, running in between
tum, adv.then, at that time
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
pūbēscō, -ere, pūbuīreach manhood, grow up; ripen
fīlius, -ī, m.son
prōpulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdrive back
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
iuvenis, -is, m.young man, youth
penes (prep. + acc.)in the hands of, in the power of
perfectus, -a, -umcomplete, perfect; blameless
bellum, -ī, n.war
laus, laudis f.praise, glory
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
ēgregius, -a, -umoutstanding, excellent
victōria, -ae, f.victory
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātuscall, name
fuga, -ae, f.flight
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
iaculor, -ārī, -ātus sumthrow, hurl
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
cōnfertus, -a, -umcrowded, close-packed
nōn, adv.not
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
modo, adv.only
sed, conj.but
corpus, corporis, n.body
prōtegō, -ere, -tēxī, -tēctuscover over, shield, protect
nūsquam, adv.nowhere
trepidus, -a, -umanxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
effūsē (adv.)far and wide, without restraint
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
redūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead or bring back; restore
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
decus, -oris n.honour, glory; what is fitting, propriety
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
nātiō, -ōnis f.people, nation; birth
dēlēgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassign, entrust; lay (blame) on, attribute to
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
equidem (adv.)indeed, truly; for my part
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.