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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.4

The character of Hannibal

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Liv. 21.4.1Paucī ac ferme optimus quisque Hannōnī adsentiēbantur;A few, and those as a rule the best men, agreed with Hanno; Liv. 21.4.1sed, ut plērumque fit, maior pars meliōrem vīcit.but, as usually happens, the larger party prevailed over the better. Liv. 21.4.1Missus Hannibal in Hispāniam prīmō statim adventū omnem exercitum in sē convertit: Hamilcarem iuvenem redditum sibi veterēs mīlitēs crēdere, eundem vigōrem in vultū vimque in oculīs habitum ōris līneāmentaque intuērī.Sent to Spain, Hannibal turned the whole army towards himself from the very moment of his arrival: the veteran soldiers believed that Hamilcar had been given back to them as a young man; they saw the same vigour in his face, the same force in his eyes, the same expression and features. Liv. 21.4.2Dein brevī effēcit, ut pater in sē minimum mōmentum ad favōrem conciliandum esset.Then in a short time he brought it about that his father counted for very little in winning him favour. Liv. 21.4.2Numquam ingenium idem ad rēs dīversissimās, pārendum atque imperandum, habilius fuit.Never was the same nature more apt for the most opposite things, obeying and commanding.

Liv. 21.4.3Itaque haud facile discernerēs, utrum imperātōrī an exercituī cārior esset: neque Hasdrubal alium quemquam praeficere mālle, ubi quid fortiter ac strēnue agendum esset, neque mīlitēs aliō duce plūs cōnfīdere aut audēre.And so you could not easily have told whether he was dearer to the general or to the army: Hasdrubal preferred to put no one else in charge whenever anything was to be done with courage and energy, nor did the soldiers have more confidence or daring under any other leader. Liv. 21.4.5Plūrimum audāciae ad perīcula capessenda plūrimum cōnsiliī inter ipsa perīcula erat.He had the greatest boldness in taking on dangers, the greatest judgement in the midst of the dangers themselves. Liv. 21.4.5Nūllō labōre aut corpus fatīgārī aut animus vincī poterat.No toil could tire his body or overcome his spirit. Liv. 21.4.6Calōris ac frīgoris patientia pār;His endurance of heat and cold was the same; Liv. 21.4.6cibī pōtiōnisque dēsīderiō nātūrālī, nōn voluptāte modus fīnītus;the measure of his food and drink was set by natural need, not by pleasure; Liv. 21.4.6vigiliārum somnīque nec diē nec nocte discrīmināta tempora: id, quod gerendīs rēbus superesset, quiētī datum;his times for waking and sleeping were not marked off by day or night: whatever was left over from his work was given to rest; Liv. 21.4.7ea neque mollī strātō neque silentiō accersīta;and that rest was not sought on a soft bed or in silence; Liv. 21.4.7multī saepe mīlitārī sagulō opertum humī iacentem inter custōdiās statiōnēsque mīlitum cōnspēxērunt.many often saw him, covered with a soldier's cloak, lying on the ground among the sentries and outposts of the soldiers.

Liv. 21.4.8Vestītus nihil inter aequālēs excellēns;His dress in no way stood out among his peers; Liv. 21.4.8arma atque equī cōnspiciēbantur.his arms and horses drew all eyes. Liv. 21.4.8Equitum peditumque īdem longē prīmus erat;He was by far the foremost of both horsemen and foot-soldiers alike; Liv. 21.4.8prīnceps in proelium ībat, ultimus cōnsertō proeliō excēdēbat.he was first to go into battle, last to leave it once battle was joined. Liv. 21.4.9Hās tantās virī virtūtēs ingentia vitia aequābant: inhūmāna crūdēlitās, perfidia plūs quam Pūnica, nihil vērī, nihil sānctī, nūllus deum metus, nūllum iūs iūrandum, nūlla religiō.These great virtues of the man were matched by enormous vices: inhuman cruelty, treachery worse than Punic, no truth, nothing sacred, no fear of the gods, no regard for oaths, no religious scruple. Liv. 21.4.10Cum hāc indole virtūtum atque vitiōrum trienniō sub Hasdrubale imperātōre meruit nūllā rē, quae agenda videndaque magnō futūrō ducī esset, praetermissā.With this nature, compounded of virtues and vices, he served for three years under Hasdrubal's command, passing over nothing that ought to be done or seen by one who was to be a great general.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×9, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (169 words)
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
bonus, -a, -umgood
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
assentior (adsentior), -īrī, -sēnsus sumagree, assent (to: dat.)
sed, conj.but
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
plērumque (adv.)generally, mostly
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
omnis, -eall, every
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight
iuvenis, -is, m.young man, youth
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
vetus, veterisold, former
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
vigor, -ōris m.vigour, energy, liveliness
vultus, -ūs m.face, expression
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
que, enclitic conj.and
oculus, -ī, m.eye
habitus, -ūs m.condition, state; bearing, character
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
līneāmentum, -ī n.line, outline; (pl.) features, lineaments
intueor, -tuērī, -tuituslook upon, behold
deinde, adv.then, next
brevis, -eshort
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
pater, patris, m.father
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
mōmentum, -ī n.weight, importance; levī mōmentō: as a slight matter
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
favor, -ōris m.goodwill, support, applause
conciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwin over; win, obtain
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
numquam, adv.never
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
habilis, -ehandy, easy to manage
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
facile, adv.easily
discernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusseparate; distinguish, tell apart
utrum (conj.)whether (utrum … an: whether … or)
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
an, conj.or (in questions)
cārus, -a, -umdear, precious
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
praeficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectumput in charge of
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
fortiter, adv.bravely
strēnuus, -a, -umactive, vigorous, energetic
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
plūs (adv.)more
cōnfīdō, -ere, cōnfīsus sumtrust, be confident
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
plūrimum (adv.)most, very much (plūrimum posse: be most powerful)
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
capessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītustake hold of; rem pūblicam capessere: go into public life
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
corpus, corporis, n.body
fatīgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustire, wear out
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
calor, -ōris, m.heat
frīgus, -oris n.cold
patientia, -ae f.endurance, hardiness
pār, parisequal
cibus, -ī, m.food
pōtiō, -ōnis f.drink, draught; potion, poison
dēsīderium, -ī, n.desire, longing
nātūrālis, -enatural, by nature
nōn, adv.not
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
fīniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusbound, limit; end
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
somnus, -ī, m.sleep, drowsiness
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
nox, noctis, f.night
discrīminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdivide, separate, mark off
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
mollis, -esoft, weak
strātum, -ī n.bedspread, coverlet; bed
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
arcessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītuscall, summon, fetch
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
saepe, adv.often, frequently
mīlitāris, -emilitary, warlike; rēs mīlitāris, art of war, warfare
sagulum, -ī n.short military cloak
operiō, -īre, -uī, -ertuscover
humus, -ī f.ground, earth; humī: on the ground
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
custōdia, -ae f.guard, protection
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
vestītus, -ūs, m.clothing
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
aequālis, -eequal; of the same age
excellō, -erebe superior, excel
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
equus, -ī, m.horse
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
longē, adv.far
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
cōnserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertusjoin, fasten together; manum (manūs) cōnserere: come to blows, engage
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
vir, virī, m.man
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
inhūmānus, -a, -uminhuman, savage, cruel
crūdēlitās, -ātis f.cruelty
perfidia, -ae f.treachery, bad faith
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
Pūnicus, -a, -umPunic, Carthaginian; bella Pūnica: the wars with Carthage
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
sānctus, -a, -umconsecrated, sacred
deus, -ī, m.god
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusswear; iūs iūrandum, oath
religiō, -ōnis f.religious scruple, religious duty
cum, prep, with abl.with
indolēs, -is f.natural character, nature, spirit
triennium, -ī n.a period of three years
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
mereō, -ēre, meruī, meritusdeserve, earn
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
praetermittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missuslet pass, neglect, omit
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.