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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.37

Cutting a road through the rock

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Liv. 21.37.1Tandem nēquīquam iūmentīs atque hominibus fatīgātīs castra in iugō posita, aegerrimē ad id ipsum locō pūrgātō: tantum nivis fodiendum atque ēgerendum fuit.At last, after men and beasts had been exhausted to no purpose, camp was pitched on the ridge, the ground having been cleared even for that with the greatest difficulty: so much snow had to be dug out and carried away. Liv. 21.37.2Inde ad rūpem mūniendam, per quam ūnam via esse poterat, mīlitēs ductī, cum caedendum esset saxum, arboribus circā inmānibus dēiectīs dētruncātīsque struem ingentem lignōrum faciunt eamque, cum et vīs ventī apta faciendō ignī coorta esset, succendunt ārdentiaque saxa īnfūsō acētō putrefaciunt.Then the soldiers were led off to make a way through the cliff, by which alone a road was possible, and since the rock had to be cut, they fell and lop huge trees round about and make an enormous pile of timber, and when a strong wind suitable for kindling a fire had also sprung up, they set it alight, and by pouring vinegar on the burning rocks they make them crumble.

Liv. 21.37.3Ita torridam incendiō rūpem ferrō pandunt molliuntque ānfrāctibus modicīs clīvōs, ut nōn iūmenta sōlum sed elephantī etiam dēdūcī possent.Then they open up the rock, scorched by the fire, with iron tools, and ease the slopes with moderate zigzags, so that not only the pack animals but even the elephants could be led down. Liv. 21.37.4Quadrīduum circā rūpem cōnsūmptum iūmentīs prope fame absūmptīs;Four days were spent around the cliff, and the pack animals almost perished from hunger; Liv. 21.37.4nūda enim ferē cacūmina sunt et, sī quid est pābulī, obruunt nivēs.for the peaks are almost bare, and if there is any fodder, the snows bury it. Liv. 21.37.5Īnferiōra vallēs aprīcōsque quōsdam collēs habent rīvōsque prope silvās et iam hūmānō cultū digniōra loca.The lower parts have valleys and some sunny hills, and streams beside woods, and places now more fit for human cultivation. Liv. 21.37.6Ibi iūmenta in pābulum missa, et quiēs mūniendō fessīs hominibus data.There the pack animals were sent out to pasture, and rest was given to the men, worn out with road-making. Liv. 21.37.6Trīduō inde ad plānum dēscēnsum iam et locīs molliōribus et accolārum ingeniīs.From there in three days they came down to the plain, where now both the country and the character of the inhabitants were gentler.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×6, ablative absolute ×5

Latin vocabulary for this passage (107 words)
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
nēquīquam (adv.)in vain, without reason
iūmentum, -ī n.pack animal, beast of burden
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
homō, hominis, m.man
fatīgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustire, wear out
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
pūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake clean, clean, cleanse
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
nix, nivis, f.snow
fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossusdig
ēgerō, -gerere, -gessī, -gestuscarry out, bring out; throw up, vomit
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
inde (adv.)from there; then
rūpēs, -is, f.rock, cliff; reef
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
via, -ae, f.road, way
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
saxum, -ī, n.rock, stone
arbor, -oris, f.tree
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
immānis, -ehuge, enormous; savage
dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow down, cast, drive out of one's course
dētruncō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslop off, strip of branches
que, enclitic conj.and
struēs, -is f.a heap, pile; a pile of sacrificial cakes; a pyre
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
lignum, -ī, n.wood
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
ventus, -ī, m.wind
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
ignis, -is, m.fire
coorior, -orīrī, -ortusarise
succendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle beneath, set on fire
ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsusbe on fire, burn
īnfundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour in or upon
acētum, -ī n.sour wine, vinegar
putrefaciō, -ere, -fēcī, -factusmake rotten, cause to decay
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
torridus, -a, -umparched, scorched, burning hot
incendium, -ī n.fire, burning
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
pandō, -ere, pandī, passumspread out (passīs manibus: with hands outstretched)
molliō, -īre, -īvī, -ītussoften; make (a slope) easier
anfrāctus, -ūs m.bend, winding (of a road)
modicus, -a, -ummoderate, small; modicum: a little
clīvus, -ī m.slope, hillside
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
nōn, adv.not
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
sed, conj.but
elephantus, -ī m.elephant
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
dēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead down or away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to draw down or launch a ship
quadrīduum, -ī n.period of four days
cōnsūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake completely, use up, consume, spend
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
famēs, -is, abl. famē, f.hunger
absūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake away, consume, destroy
nūdus, -a, -umnaked, bare
enim, conj.for
ferē, adv.nearly, about, almost, for the most part
cacūmen, -minis n.top, tip, point
sī, conj.if
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
pābulum, -ī, n.food, fodder
obruō, -ere, -ruī, -rutusoverwhelm, bury, crush
īnferior, -iuslower
vallis, -is, f.valley
aprīcus, -a, -umsunny, warm
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
collis, -is m.hill
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
rīvus, -ī m.stream, brook
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
iam, adv.now, already
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
cultus, -ūs m.way of life; civilization, refinement
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
ibi, adv.in that place, there
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
trīduum, -ī n.three days
plānus, -a, -umflat, level
dēscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb down, descend
mollis, -esoft, weak
accola, -ae m.neighbour, one living nearby
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.