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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.35

Hannibal shows his men Italy

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Liv. 21.35.1Posterō diē iam segnius intercursantibus barbarīs iūnctae cōpiae, saltusque haud sine clāde, maiōre tamen iūmentōrum quam hominum perniciē, superātus.Next day, with the barbarians now darting in between less vigorously, the forces were reunited, and the pass was got over, not without loss, but with greater destruction of pack animals than of men. Liv. 21.35.2Inde montānī pauciōrēs iam et latrōciniī magis quam bellī mōre concursābant modo in prīmum modo in novissimum agmen, utcumque aut locus opportūnitātem daret aut prōgressī morātīve aliquam occāsiōnem fēcissent.After that the mountaineers, fewer now and more in the manner of brigands than of soldiers, kept making raids now on the van, now on the rear, whenever either the ground gave them an advantage or those who pressed ahead or lagged behind offered some opportunity. Liv. 21.35.3Elephantī sīcut per artās praecipitēsque viās magnā morā agēbantur, ita tūtum ab hostibus, quācumque incēderent, quia īnsuētīs adeundī propius metus erat, agmen praebēbant.The elephants, while they were driven with great delay along the narrow and steep roads, nevertheless made the column safe from the enemy wherever they went, because men unused to them were afraid to come too close.

Liv. 21.35.4Nōnō diē in iugum Alpium perventum est per invia plēraque et errōrēs, quōs aut dūcentium fraus aut, ubi fidēs iīs nōn esset, temerē initae vallēs ā coniectantibus iter faciēbant.On the ninth day they reached the summit of the Alps, mostly through trackless country and by wanderings which were caused either by the treachery of the guides or, when these were not trusted, by valleys entered at random by men guessing at the route. Liv. 21.35.5Bīduum in iugō statīva habita, fessīsque labōre ac pugnandō quiēs data mīlitibus;For two days they kept a standing camp on the summit, and rest was given to the soldiers, worn out with toil and fighting; Liv. 21.35.5iūmentaque aliquot, quae prōlāpsa in rūpibus erant, sequendō vestīgia agminis in castra pervēnēre.and a number of pack animals which had slipped among the rocks reached the camp by following the tracks of the column. Liv. 21.35.6Fessīs taediō tot malōrum nivis etiam cāsus occīdente iam sīdere Vergiliārum ingentem terrōrem adiēcit.Upon men weary and sick of so many hardships a fall of snow too, as the constellation of the Pleiades was now setting, added great terror.

Liv. 21.35.7Per omnia nive opplēta cum signīs prīmā lūce mōtīs segniter agmen incēderet, pigritiaque et dēspērātiō in omnium vultū ēminēret, praegressus signa Hannibal in prōmunturiō quōdam, unde longē ac lātē prōspectus erat, cōnsistere iussīs mīlitibus Ītaliam ostentat subiectōsque Alpīnīs montibus Circumpadānōs campōs, moeniaque eōs tum trānscendere nōn Ītaliae modo sed etiam urbis Rōmānae;When the standards had been moved at first light and the column was advancing sluggishly through a landscape everywhere filled with snow, and listlessness and despair showed on every face, Hannibal went on ahead of the standards and, on a certain headland from which there was a wide and distant view, ordered the soldiers to halt and showed them Italy and the plains around the Po lying beneath the Alpine mountains, and told them that they were now climbing over the walls not of Italy alone but of the city of Rome too; Liv. 21.35.9cētera plāna, prōclīvia fore;that the rest would be level or downhill; Liv. 21.35.9ūnō aut summum alterō proeliō arcem et caput Ītaliae in manū ac potestāte habitūrōs.with one battle, or at most two, they would have the citadel and capital of Italy in their hands and in their power.

Liv. 21.35.10Prōcēdere inde agmen coepit iam nihil nē hostibus quidem praeter parva fūrta per occāsiōnem temptantibus.The column then began to advance, with even the enemy now attempting nothing beyond petty thefts when chance offered. Liv. 21.35.11Cēterum iter multō, quam in ascēnsū fuerat, ut plēraque Alpium ab Ītaliā sīcut breviōra ita adrēctiōra sunt, difficilius fuit.But the route was much more difficult than it had been on the ascent, since most parts of the Alps, on the Italian side, are steeper just as they are shorter. Liv. 21.35.11Omnis enim ferme via praeceps, angusta, lūbrica erat, ut neque sustinēre sē ab lāpsū possent nec, quī paulum titubāssent, haerēre adfīxī vestīgiō suō, aliīque super aliōs et iūmenta in hominēs occīderent.For almost the whole way was sheer, narrow and slippery, so that they could neither keep themselves from slipping nor, if they stumbled even slightly, stay fixed in their footing, and they fell one upon another, and pack animals upon men.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (183 words)
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
iam, adv.now, already
segniter (adv.)sluggishly, lazily, half-heartedly
intercursō, -ārerun in between, dash about among
barbarus, -a, -umbarbarian
iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctusjoin; yoke, harness
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
saltus, -ūs m.wooded pass, forest glade, woodland
que, enclitic conj.and
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
sine, prep. with abl.without
clādēs, -is f.disaster, defeat, destruction
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
iūmentum, -ī n.pack animal, beast of burden
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
homō, hominis, m.man
perniciēs, -ēī f.ruin, destruction
superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusovercome, defeat, conquer
inde (adv.)from there; then
montānus, -a, -umof the mountains, mountain-
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
latrōcinium, -ī n.robbery, raiding
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
bellum, -ī, n.war
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
concursō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusrun about, rush to and fro
modo, adv.only
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
novissimus, -a, -umlast (novissimum agmen: the rear)
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
utcumque (adv., conj.)however, in whatever way
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
opportūnitās, -ātis f.advantage, favourable feature
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
prōgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo forward, advance
moror, -ārī, -ātusdelay, linger, stay
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
occāsiō, -ōnis, f.chance, opportunity
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
elephantus, -ī m.elephant
sīcut (conj.)just as
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
artus, -a, -umclose, tight; dense, thick
praeceps, -cipitisheadlong
via, -ae, f.road, way
mora, -ae, f.delay
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
quācumque (adv.)wherever, by whatever way
incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumwalk, step, advance
quia (conj.)because
īnsuētus, -a, -um (+ gen.)unused (to), unaccustomed
adeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo to, approach
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit
nōnus, -a, -umninth
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
invius, -a, -umpathless, impassable
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
error, -ōris m.wandering; mistake, error
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
nōn, adv.not
temerē, adv.rashly
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
vallis, -is, f.valley
coniectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusinfer, conclude, guess
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
bīduum, -ī n.two days
statīva, -ōrum n. pl.a standing camp, permanent camp
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
aliquot (indecl.)several, some
prōlābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sumslip forward, fall down
rūpēs, -is, f.rock, cliff; reef
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
taedium, -ī n.weariness, disgust
tot (indecl.)so many
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
nix, nivis, f.snow
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
sīdus, -eris n.star, constellation
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow to, throw, hurl
omnis, -eall, every
oppleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētusfill completely, cover
cum, prep, with abl.with
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
lūx, lūcis, f.light
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
pigritia, -ae f.sluggishness, reluctance
dēspērātiō, -ōnis f.despair, hopelessness
vultus, -ūs m.face, expression
ēmineō, -ēre, -uīstand out, project
praegredior, -gredī, -gressus sumgo before, go on ahead
prōmunturium, -ī, n.headland, promontory
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
unde, adv.whence
longē, adv.far
lātēwidely
prōspectus, -ūs m.view
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
ostentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshow, display; show off
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
Alpīnus, -a, -umof the Alps, Alpine
mōns, montis, m.mountain
circumpadānus, -a, -umaround the Po, in the Po valley
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
tum, adv.then, at that time
trānscendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsumclimb over, board
sed, conj.but
urbs, urbis, f.city
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
plānus, -a, -umflat, level
prōclīvis, -esloping downward; easy (prōclīve est: it is easy)
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
summum (adv.)at most, at the very most
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
arx, arcis f.citadel, stronghold
caput, capitis, n.head
manus, -ūs, f.hand
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
fūrtum, -ī, n.theft
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
multō, adv.by much or far, much, far
ascēnsus, -ūs m.way up, climb
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
brevis, -eshort
arrēctus (adrēctus), -a, -umsteep, upright
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
enim, conj.for
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
angustus, -a, -umnarrow, cramped
lūbricus, -a, -umslippery, smooth
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
lāpsus, -ūs m.gliding, sliding movement; a fall
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
paulum, adv.a little, somewhat
titubō, -āretotter, stagger
haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesūrusstick; hesitate
affīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxumfasten to
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.