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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.65

The Volsci routed; Antium falls

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Liv. 2.65.1Ubi inlūxit, Rōmānus integer satiātusque somnō prōductus in aciem fessum standō et vigiliīs Volscum prīmō impetū perculit;When day broke, the Romans, fresh and refreshed with sleep, were led out into battle and at the first charge struck down the Volsci, worn out by standing and by lack of sleep; Liv. 2.65.2quamquam cessēre magis quam pulsī hostēs sunt, quia ab tergō erant clīvī, in quōs post prīncipia integrīs ōrdinibus tūtus receptus fuit.though the enemy withdrew rather than were driven back, because behind them were slopes to which there was a safe retreat, behind the front ranks, with their formation unbroken. Liv. 2.65.2Cōnsul, ubi ad inīquum locum ventum est, sistit aciem.The consul, when they had come to unfavourable ground, halts the line. Liv. 2.65.2Mīles aegrē tenērī, clāmāre et poscere, ut perculsīs īnstāre liceat.The soldiers could hardly be restrained; they shouted and demanded to be allowed to press on the shaken enemy. Liv. 2.65.3Ferōcius agunt equitēs;The cavalry behave more fiercely; Liv. 2.65.3circumfūsī ducī vōciferantur sē ante signa itūrōs.crowding round the general, they cry out that they will go ahead of the standards.

Liv. 2.65.3Dum cūnctātur cōnsul virtūte mīlitum frētus, locō parum fīdēns, conclāmant sē itūrōs, clamōremque rēs est secūta.While the consul hesitates, trusting in the courage of his soldiers but having little confidence in the ground, they shout that they will go, and action followed the shout. Liv. 2.65.3Fīxīs in terram pīlīs, quō leviōrēs ardua ēvāderent, cursū subeunt.Planting their javelins in the ground, so as to climb the steep slope more lightly, they charge up at the run. Liv. 2.65.4Volscus effūsīs ad prīmum impetum missilibus tēlīs saxa obiacentia pedibus ingerit in subeuntēs turbātōsque ictibus crēbrīs urget ex superiōre locō.The Volsci, having discharged their missiles at the first onset, hurl down the stones lying at their feet upon those coming up, and when they are thrown into disorder press them with repeated blows from the higher ground. Liv. 2.65.4Sīc prope onerātum est sinistrum Rōmānīs cornū, nī referentibus iam gradum cōnsul increpandō simul temeritātem simul ignāviam pudōre metum excussisset.So the Romans' left wing was nearly overwhelmed, had not the consul, as they were already falling back, rebuked both their rashness and their cowardice, and driven out their fear with shame.

Liv. 2.65.5Restitēre prīmō obstinātīs animīs;At first they stood their ground with stubborn resolve; Liv. 2.65.5deinde, ut obtinentēs locum vīrēs refēcerant, audent ultrō gradum īnferre et clamōre renovātō commovent aciem;then, as by holding their position they had recovered their strength, they dare actually to advance, and with a renewed shout set the enemy line in motion; Liv. 2.65.5tum rūrsus impetū captō ēnītuntur atque exsuperant inīquitātem locī.then, gathering momentum again, they struggle up and overcome the disadvantage of the ground. Liv. 2.65.5Iam prope erat, ut in summum clīvī iugum ēvāderent, cum terga hostēs dedēre effūsōque cursū paene agmine ūnō fugientēs sequentēsque castrīs incidēre.They were now almost on the point of reaching the top of the ridge, when the enemy turned their backs, and in headlong flight, pursued and pursuers almost in a single column, burst into the camp. Liv. 2.65.7In eō pavōre castra capiuntur.In that panic the camp is taken. Liv. 2.65.7Quī Volscōrum effugere potuērunt, Antium petunt.Those of the Volsci who were able to escape make for Antium. Liv. 2.65.7Antium et Rōmānus exercitus ductus.The Roman army too was led to Antium.

Liv. 2.65.7Paucōs circumsessum diēs dēditur, nūllā oppugnantium novā vī, sed quod iam inde ab īnfēlīcī pugnā castrīsque āmissīs ceciderant animī.After being besieged for a few days it surrenders, not because of any new force on the part of the besiegers, but because their spirits had fallen ever since that unlucky battle and the loss of their camp.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, purpose clauses ×3, indirect statement ×1, ablative absolute ×5

Latin vocabulary for this passage (157 words)
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
illūcēscō (inlūcēscō), -ere, -lūxīgrow light, dawn
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
satiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfill, satisfy; satiārī, eat one's fill
que, enclitic conj.and
somnus, -ī, m.sleep, drowsiness
prōdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductumlead out, bring out
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsusstrike down; dismay, crush
quamquam, conj.however much, although
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quia (conj.)because
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tergum, -ī, n.back
clīvus, -ī m.slope, hillside
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
prīncipium, -ī n.beginning; prīncipiō, in the first place
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
receptus, -ūs m.retreat; place of retreat
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
inīquus, -a, -umuneven; unfair
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
sistō, -ere, stitī, statusstop, halt; set up
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshout, cry out; proclaim
poscō, poscere, poposcīask, demand
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
ferōciter (adv.)fiercely, defiantly
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
circumfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour around; (passive) crowd around, surround
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
vōciferor, -ārī, -ātus sumshout, cry out loudly
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
cūnctor, -ārī, -ātus sumdelay, hesitate
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
frētus, -a, -um (+ abl.)relying on
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
fīdō, -ere, fīsus sumtrust, rely on (+ dat. or abl.); fīdēns, confident, bold
conclāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshout out, cry out
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxusfix, fasten, plant firmly
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
pīlum, -ī n.javelin (the Roman heavy spear)
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
levis, -elight, slight
arduus, -a, -umsteep, difficult
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
cursus, -ūs, m.running, speed; course, route, voyage; race
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
missilis, -ethat can be thrown; (n. pl.) missiles
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
saxum, -ī, n.rock, stone
obiaceō, -ērelie in the way, lie before
pēs, pedis, m.foot
ingerō, -gerere, -gessī, -gestusheap on, pour in; stuff in
turbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconfuse, throw into disorder, disturb, trouble
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
sīc, adv.so, thus
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
onerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusload, burden
sinister, -tra, -trumleft
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
iam, adv.now, already
gradus, -ūs m.step, stage; rank
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
ignāvia, -ae f.laziness; cowardice
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
excutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussusshake off, shake out
restō, -āre, restitīstay behind, remain
prīmō, adv.at first
obstinātus, -a, -umdetermined, stubborn
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
deinde, adv.then, next
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake anew, renew, repair
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
renovō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumrenew
commoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove, rouse; disturb
tum, adv.then, at that time
rūrsus, adv.again
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
ēnītor, -ī, -nīsus (-nīxus) sumstruggle upward; strive, exert oneself
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
exsuperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussurpass, exceed; be enough for
inīquitās, -ātis f.unevenness; unfairness, difficulty
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
paene, adv.almost, nearly
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
effugio, -fugere, -fūgīflee out or away, escape
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
circumsedeō, -sedēre, -sēdī, -sessussit around, surround; besiege
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
dēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive away or up
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
sed, conj.but
quod, conj.that, in that, because
inde (adv.)from there; then
īnfēlīx, -fēlīcis, adj.unhappy, unfortunate
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend away, lose
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.