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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.55

Volero defies the consuls

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Liv. 2.55.1Sub hanc pessimī exemplī victōriam dīlēctus ēdīcitur, paventibusque tribūnīs sine intercessiōne ūllā cōnsulēs rem peragunt.Directly after this victory, which set the worst of examples, a levy is proclaimed, and as the tribunes are cowed the consuls carry it through without any veto. Liv. 2.55.2Tum vērō īrāscī plēbs tribūnōrum magis silentiō quam cōnsulum imperiō et dīcere āctum esse dē lībertāte suā, rūrsus ad antīqua reditum;Then indeed the plebs grew angry, more at the silence of the tribunes than at the command of the consuls, and said that it was all over with their liberty, that things had gone back to the old ways; Liv. 2.55.2cum Genuciō ūnā mortuam ac sepultam tribūniciam potestātem.the tribunician power had died and been buried with Genucius. Liv. 2.55.2Aliud agendum ac cōgitandum, quō modō resistātur patribus;Something else must be done and planned, some way of resisting the senators; Liv. 2.55.3id autem ūnum cōnsilium esse, ut sē ipsa plēbs, quandō aliud nihil auxiliī habeat, dēfendat.and the one plan was this, that the plebs, since it had no other help, should defend itself. Liv. 2.55.3Quattuor et vīgintī līctōrēs appārēre cōnsulibus et eōs ipsōs plēbis hominēs;Twenty-four lictors attended the consuls, and these were themselves men of the plebs; Liv. 2.55.3nihil contemptius neque īnfirmius, sī sint, quī contemnant;nothing was more contemptible or weaker, if there were men to hold them in contempt; Liv. 2.55.3sibi quemque ea magna atque horrenda facere.it was each man himself who made them great and terrible.

Liv. 2.55.4Hīs vōcibus aliī aliōs cum incitāssent, ad Volerōnem Pūblilium, dē plēbe hominem, quia, quod ōrdinēs dūxisset, negāret sē mīlitem fierī dēbēre, līctor missus est ā cōnsulibus.When they had roused one another with such words, a lictor was sent by the consuls to Volero Publilius, a man of the plebs, because he said that, having been a centurion, he ought not to be enrolled as a common soldier. Liv. 2.55.5Volerō appellat tribūnōs.Volero appeals to the tribunes. Liv. 2.55.5Cum auxiliō nēmō esset, cōnsulēs spoliārī hominem et virgās expedīrī iubent.When no one came to his help, the consuls order the man to be stripped and the rods to be made ready. Liv. 2.55.5"Prōvocō" inquit "ad populum" Volerō, "quoniam tribūnī cīvem Rōmānum in cōnspectū suō virgīs caedī mālunt quam ipsī in lectō suō ā vōbīs trucīdārī."'I appeal to the people,' said Volero, 'since the tribunes prefer to see a Roman citizen flogged with rods before their eyes than to be butchered by you in their own beds.' Liv. 2.55.5Quō ferōcius clāmitābat, eō īnfestius circumscindere et spoliāre līctor.The more fiercely he shouted, the more violently the lictor tore at his clothes and stripped him.

Liv. 2.55.6Tum Volerō, et praevalēns ipse et adiuvantibus advocātīs repulsō līctōre, ubi indignantium prō sē ācerrimus erat clamor, eō sē in turbam cōnfertissimam recipit clāmitāns "prōvocō et fidem plēbis inplōrō.Then Volero, being himself very strong and helped by those who had come to his support, thrust back the lictor, and where the shouting of those indignant on his behalf was loudest, he retreated into the thickest of the crowd, crying: 'I appeal, and I implore the protection of the plebs. Liv. 2.55.7Adeste cīvēs, adeste commīlitōnēs;Stand by me, citizens, stand by me, fellow soldiers; Liv. 2.55.7nihil est, quod expectētis tribūnōs, quibus ipsīs vestrō auxiliō opus est."there is no reason for you to wait for the tribunes, who themselves need your help.' Liv. 2.55.8Concitātī hominēs velutī ad proelium sē expediunt;The men, roused, make ready as if for battle; Liv. 2.55.8appārēbatque omne discrīmen adesse, nihil cuiquam sānctum nōn pūblicī fore, nōn prīvātī iūris.and it was clear that the whole crisis was at hand, that nothing would be sacred to anyone, neither public nor private right. Liv. 2.55.8Huic tantae tempestātī cum sē cōnsulēs obtulissent, facile expertī sunt parum tūtam maiestātem sine vīribus esse.When the consuls confronted this great storm, they readily found that majesty without strength is hardly safe.

Liv. 2.55.9Violātīs līctōribus, fascibus frāctīs ē forō in cūriam conpelluntur, incertī, quātenus Volerō exercēret victōriam.Their lictors manhandled, their fasces broken, they are driven from the Forum into the senate house, uncertain how far Volero would press his victory. Liv. 2.55.10Conticīscente deinde tumultū cum in senātum vocārī iussissent, queruntur iniūriās suās, vim plēbis, Volerōnis audāciam.Then, as the uproar died down, they had the senate summoned and complained of the wrongs done to them, the violence of the plebs, and Volero's audacity. Liv. 2.55.11Multīs ferōciter dictīs sententiīs vīcēre seniōrēs, quibus īrā patrum adversus temeritātem plēbis certārī nōn placuit.Many fierce opinions were expressed, but the older men prevailed, who did not want the senators' anger to contend with the rashness of the plebs.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×6, gerunds and gerundives ×2, purpose clauses ×1, indirect statement ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (179 words)
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
malus, -a, -umbad
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
victōria, -ae, f.victory
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
ēdīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictusdeclare, proclaim, appoint
paveō, -ēre, pāvībe terrified, tremble
que, enclitic conj.and
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
sine, prep. with abl.without
intercessiō, -ōnis f.veto (by a tribune)
ūllus, -a, -umany
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
peragō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumcarry through, complete
tum, adv.then, at that time
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātusbe angry
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
rūrsus, adv.again
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
antīquus, -a, -umancient
reditus, -ūs, m.return
cum, prep, with abl.with
ūnātogether, along
mortuus, -a, -umdead
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī, sepultusbury
tribūnicius, -a, -umof a tribune; tribūnicia potestās: the tribunes' power
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
resistō, -sistere, -stitīstand back, resist
pater, patris, m.father
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
dēfendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusward off; defend
quattuor, indecl. adj.four
vīgintī, indecl. adj.twenty
līctor, -ōris m.lictor, an attendant carrying the rods (fascēs) before a magistrate
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
homō, hominis, m.man
contemptus, -a, -umdespised, held in contempt
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
īnfirmus, -a, -umweak
sī, conj.if
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
horrendus, -a, -umdreadful, terrible
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
incitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstir up, provoke
quia (conj.)because
quod, conj.that, in that, because
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātuscall, name
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
spoliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstrip, rob
virga, -ae f.rod, stick, staff
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
prōvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātuscall forth or out, challenge
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
populus, -ī m.people, nation
quoniam, conj.since now, since
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
cōnspectus, -ūs, m.sight
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
lectus, -ī m.bed, couch
vōsplur. of tū
trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusslaughter, butcher
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
ferōciter (adv.)fiercely, defiantly
clāmitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall out
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
īnfestē (adv.)in a hostile way, aggressively, savagely
circumscindō, -eretear the clothes off (someone), strip
praevaleō, -ēre, -uīprevail, be very strong
adiuvō, -āre, adiūvī, adiūtumhelp, assist
advocātus, -ī m.supporter in court, legal adviser, counsel; helper, friend called in
repellō, repellere, reppulī, repulsusdrive back or away, repulse, repel
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
indignor, -ārī, -ātus sumbe indignant, resent
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
turba, -ae f.crowd
cōnfertus, -a, -umcrowded, close-packed
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
implōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbeg for, appeal for
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
commīlitō, -ōnis m.fellow soldier, comrade
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
vester, -tra, -trumyour
opus, operis, n.work, task
concitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstir up, rouse
velutī (adv.)just as, as if
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
omnis, -eall, every
discrīmen, -crīminis, n.crisis, peril, danger
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
sānctus, -a, -umconsecrated, sacred
nōn, adv.not
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
tempestās, -tātis, f.weather; storm, tempest
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātusbear to, proffer, offer
facile, adv.easily
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
violō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusharm, violate
fascis, -is m.bundle; pl. fascēs: the rods and axe carried before a magistrate
frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctusbreak; dash to pieces, wreck
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
forum, -ī n.market place, public square
cūria, -ae f.senate house
compellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive together, drive
incertus, -a, -umuncertain, unreliable
quātenus (adv.)how far, to what extent
exerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitusexercise
conticēscō, -ere, -ticuīfall silent
deinde, adv.then, next
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
senātus, -ūs m.senate
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
queror, -ī, questus sumcomplain
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
sententia, -ae, f.opinion; purpose
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
senior, -ōris m.elder; seniores: the elders (of the people)
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
certō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscontend, compete, vie
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.