LectitōOpen the reader

Lectitō › Cicero › Pro Roscio Amerino (For Sextus Roscius) › Pro Roscio 5

Cicero · Pro Roscio Amerino

Pro Roscio 5

The first murder trial in years

English onlyRead it word by word

Rosc. Am. 5.1Quanta multitūdō hominum convēnerit ad hoc iūdicium vidēs;You see how great a crowd of people has gathered for this trial; Rosc. Am. 5.1quae sit omnium mortālium exspectātiō, quae cupiditās ut ācria ac sevēra iūdicia fīant intellegis.you understand what the expectation of all men is, what their desire that the courts should be keen and severe. Rosc. Am. 5.1Longō intervallō iūdicium inter sīcāriōs hoc prīmum committitur, cum intereā caedēs indignissimae maximaeque factae sunt;After a long interval this is the first trial for murder to be held, though in the meantime most outrageous and enormous killings have been committed; Rosc. Am. 5.1omnēs hanc quaestiōnem tē praetōre manifestīs maleficiīs cōtīdiānōque sanguine dignissimam spērant futūram.everyone hopes that this court, with you as praetor, will be most worthy of the open crimes and the bloodshed of every day. Rosc. Am. 5.12Quā vōciferātiōne in cēterīs iūdiciīs accūsātōrēs ūtī cōnsuērunt, eā nōs hōc tempore ūtimur quī causam dīcimus.The outcry which accusers are accustomed to use in other trials, we who are defending use at this time. Rosc. Am. 5.12Petimus abs tē, M. Fannī, ā vōbīsque, iūdicēs, ut quam ācerrimē maleficia vindicētis, ut quam fortissimē hominibus audācissimīs resistātis, ut hoc cōgitētis, nisi in hāc causā quī vester animus sit ostendētis, eō prōrumpere hominum cupiditātem et scelus et audāciam ut nōn modo clam vērum etiam hīc in forō ante tribūnal tuum, M. Fannī, ante pedēs vestrōs, iūdicēs, inter ipsa subsellia caedēs futūrae sint.We ask you, Marcus Fannius, and you, judges, to punish crimes as keenly as possible, to resist the most reckless of men as bravely as possible, and to consider this: that unless you show in this case what your mind is, the greed, wickedness and recklessness of men will burst out so far that killings will take place not only in secret but even here in the forum, before your tribunal, Marcus Fannius, before your feet, judges, among the very benches.

Rosc. Am. 5.13Etenim quid aliud hōc iūdiciō temptātur nisi ut id fierī liceat?For what else is attempted by this trial except that this may be allowed? Rosc. Am. 5.13Accūsant eī quī in fortūnās huius invāsērunt, causam dīcit is cui praeter calamitātem nihil relīquērunt;The accusers are those who have seized upon this man's fortunes, the defendant is the man to whom they have left nothing but misfortune; Rosc. Am. 5.13accūsant eī quibus occīdī patrem Sex. Roscī bonō fuit, causam dīcit is cui nōn modo lūctum mors patris attulit vērum etiam egestātem;the accusers are those who profited by the killing of the father of Sextus Roscius, the defendant is the man to whom his father's death brought not only grief but poverty as well; Rosc. Am. 5.13accūsant eī quī hunc ipsum iugulāre summē cupiērunt, causam dīcit is quī etiam ad hoc ipsum iūdicium cum praesidiō venit nē hic ibīdem ante oculōs vestrōs trucīdētur;the accusers are those who have most eagerly desired to cut this very man's throat, the defendant is the man who has come even to this very trial with a guard, so that he may not be butchered here on the spot before your eyes; Rosc. Am. 5.13dēnique accūsant eī quōs populus poscit, causam dīcit is quī ūnus relictus ex illōrum nefāriā caede restat.finally, the accusers are those whom the people demand for punishment, the defendant is the man who alone remains, left over from their wicked slaughter.

Rosc. Am. 5.14Atque ut facilius intellegere possītis, iūdicēs, ea quae facta sunt indigniōra esse quam haec sunt quae dīcimus, ab initiō rēs quem ad modum gesta sit vōbīs expōnēmus, quō facilius et huius hominis innocentissimī miseriās et illōrum audāciās cognōscere possītis et reī pūblicae calamitātem.And so that you may more easily understand, judges, that what has been done is more outrageous than what we are saying, we shall set out for you from the beginning how the affair was carried out, so that you may more easily come to know both the miseries of this most innocent man and the recklessness of those men, and the calamity of the state.

Read the Latin itself: tap any word for its meaning and grammar, save words to review, and keep your place.

Read in Lectitō

Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×7, ablative absolute ×1, indirect statement ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (136 words)
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
homō, hominis, m.man
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
omnis, -eall, every
mortālis, -emortal
exspectātiō, -ōnis f.waiting, expectation
cupiditās, -tātis, f.desire, longing, eagerness
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
sevērus, -a, -umstern, strict, severe
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
intervallum, -ī, n.interval, space, distance
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
sīcārius, -ī m.assassin, cutthroat
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
que, enclitic conj.and
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
quaestiō, -ōnis f.inquiry, examination
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
praetor, -ōris m.praetor (legātus prō praetōre: officer with a praetor's powers)
manifestus, -a, -umplain, clear; caught in the act
maleficium, -ī n.harm, wrongdoing
cottīdiānus, -a, -umdaily
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushope
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
vōciferātiō, -ōnis f.loud shouting, outcry, clamour
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
accūsātor, -ōris m.accuser, prosecutor
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
cōnsuēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, -suētusbecome accustomed; in tenses of completed action, have become accustomed, be accustomed or wont
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
nōsplur. of ego
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
vōsplur. of tū
iūdex, iūdicis, m.judge
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
ācriter, adv.sharply, fiercely
vindicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpunish; claim
fortiter, adv.bravely
audāx, -ācisbold, daring, reckless
resistō, -sistere, -stitīstand back, resist
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
nisi, conj.if not, unless
vester, -tra, -trumyour
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
prōrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptumburst forth
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
scelus, sceleris, n.wickedness, crime
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
nōn, adv.not
modo, adv.only
clam (adv.)secretly
vērum (conj.)but, but in fact; nōn modo ... vērum etiam: not only ... but also
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
forum, -ī n.market place, public square
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
tribūnal, -ālis n.platform, tribunal (where a magistrate sat to judge)
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
pēs, pedis, m.foot
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
subsellium, -ī n.bench, seat (in the senate or courts)
etenim (conj.)for indeed, and in fact
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
accūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumblame, accuse
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
calamitās, -tātis, f.misfortune, calamity, disaster
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
pater, patris, m.father
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
lūctus, -ūs m.grief, mourning
mors, mortīs, f.death
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
egestās, -ātis f.want, poverty
iugulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscut the throat of, murder
summē (adv.)in the highest degree, most earnestly
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
cum, prep, with abl.with
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
ibīdem (adv.)in the same place, just there
oculus, -ī, m.eye
trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusslaughter, butcher
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
populus, -ī m.people, nation
poscō, poscere, poposcīask, demand
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
nefārius, -a, -umwicked, criminal
restō, -āre, restitīstay behind, remain
facile, adv.easily
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
initium, -ī, n.beginning
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
expōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput out, set forth; put on shore, land; explain
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
innocēns, -entisharmless; innocent
miseria, -ae f.misery, distress, suffering
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino. Latin text: A. C. Clark, M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes I (Oxford, 1908), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.