LectitōOpen the reader

Lectitō › Cicero › On Duties, Book 1 (De Officiis) › De Officiis 1.8

Cicero · De Officiis I

De Officiis 1.8

Greed, ambition and wrongdoing

English onlyRead it word by word

Off. 1.8.1Expetuntur autem dīvitiae cum ad ūsūs vītae necessāriōs, tum ad perfruendās voluptātēs.Wealth is sought, moreover, both for the necessary uses of life and for the full enjoyment of pleasures. Off. 1.8.1In quibus autem maior est animus, in iīs pecūniae cupiditās spectat ad opēs et ad grātificandī facultātem, ut nūper M. Crassus negābat ūllam satis magnam pecūniam esse eī, quī in rē pūblicā prīnceps vellet esse, cuius frūctibus exercitum alere nōn posset.But in those of greater spirit the desire for money looks to power and to the means of bestowing favours, as Marcus Crassus lately used to say that no fortune was large enough for a man who wished to be the leading man in the state, if he could not maintain an army on its income. Off. 1.8.1Dēlectant etiam magnificī apparātūs vītaeque cultūs cum ēlegantiā et cōpiā;Magnificent display and a style of living marked by elegance and abundance also give delight; Off. 1.8.1quibus rēbus effectum est, ut īnfīnīta pecūniae cupiditās esset.and through these things it has come about that the desire for money is without limit. Off. 1.8.1Nec vērō reī familiāris amplificātiō nēminī nocēns vituperanda est, sed fugienda semper iniūria est.Nor indeed is the increase of one's estate to be blamed if it harms no one, but wrongdoing must always be shunned.

Off. 1.8.26Maximē autem addūcuntur plērīque, ut eōs iūstitiae capiat oblīviō, cum in imperiōrum, honōrum, glōriae cupiditātem incidērunt.Most men, however, are led above all to forget justice when they have fallen into a desire for military commands, offices and glory. Off. 1.8.26Quod enim est apud Ennium: " Nūlla sāncta societās Nec fidēs regnī est.For what we find in Ennius, 'No fellowship is sacred, nor is faith, in kingship,' Off. 1.8.26" id lātius patet.applies more widely. Off. 1.8.26Nam quicquid eius modī est, in quō nōn possint plūrēs excellere, in eō fit plērumque tanta contentiō, ut difficillimum sit servāre "sānctam societātem."For whenever something is of such a kind that not many can excel in it, there is generally such rivalry over it that it is very difficult to preserve a 'sacred fellowship'. Off. 1.8.26Dēclārāvit id modo temeritās C. Caesaris, quī omnia iūra dīvīna et hūmāna pervertit propter eum, quem sibi ipse opīniōnis errōre finxerat, prīncipātum.This was shown just now by the recklessness of Gaius Caesar, who overturned all laws divine and human for the sake of that supremacy which he had imagined for himself through an error of judgement. Off. 1.8.26Est autem in hōc genere molestum, quod in maximīs animīs splendidissimīsque ingeniīs plērumque exsistunt honōris, imperiī, potentiae, glōriae cupiditātēs.But what is troubling in this matter is that it is generally in the greatest spirits and the most brilliant talents that desires for office, command, power and glory arise.

Off. 1.8.26Quō magis cavendum est, nē quid in eō genere peccētur.All the more must we take care that no wrong be committed in this kind. Off. 1.8.27Sed in omnī iniūstitiā permultum interest, utrum perturbātiōne aliquā animī, quae plērumque brevis est et ad tempus, an cōnsultō et cōgitāta fīat iniūria.But in every injustice it makes a very great difference whether the wrong is done through some disturbance of the mind, which is generally brief and of the moment, or deliberately and with forethought. Off. 1.8.27Leviōra enim sunt ea, quae repentīnō aliquō mōtū accidunt, quam ea, quae meditāta et praeparāta īnferuntur.For those wrongs which happen through some sudden impulse are lighter than those which are inflicted after premeditation and preparation. Off. 1.8.27Ac dē īnferendā quidem iniūriā satis dictum est.And enough has been said about inflicting wrong.

Read the Latin itself: tap any word for its meaning and grammar, save words to review, and keep your place.

Read in Lectitō

Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×6, indirect statement ×1, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (141 words)
expetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītusseek eagerly, desire
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
dīvitiae, -ārum f. pl.riches, wealth
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
vīta, -ae, f.life
necessārius, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m.necessary, critical; (noun) close friend, relative
tum, adv.then, at that time
perfruor, -fruī, -frūctus sumenjoy to the full (+ abl.)
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
cupiditās, -tātis, f.desire, longing, eagerness
spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook at or on
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
grātificor, -ārī, -ātus sumdo a favour, oblige, gratify
facultās, -tātis, f.possibility, opportunity, chance, means
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
nūper, adv.newly, lately, recently
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
ūllus, -a, -umany
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
volō, velle, voluīwish
frūctus, -ūs, m.enjoyment; fruit
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
alō, -ere, -uī, -tusnourish
nōn, adv.not
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplease, delight; passive: enjoy, take pleasure in
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
magnificus, -a, -umsplendid, magnificent
apparātus, -ūs m.preparation; display, splendour
que, enclitic conj.and
cultus, -ūs m.way of life; civilization, refinement
cum, prep, with abl.with
ēlegantia, -ae f.elegance, refinement, good taste (in style)
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
īnfīnītus, -a, -umboundless, countless
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
familiāris, -e; as noun, -is m.of the household (rēs familiāris: private property); friend
amplificātiō, -ōnis f.enlarging, increase
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitum (+ dat.)harm, hurt
vituperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfind fault with, blame
sed, conj.but
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
semper, adv.always
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
iūstitia, -ae f.justice, fairness
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
oblīviō, -ōnis f.forgetfulness, oblivion
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
honor, -ōris, m.honor
glōria, -ae, f.glory
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
enim, conj.for
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
sānctus, -a, -umconsecrated, sacred
societās, -ātis f.alliance, partnership
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
lātēwidely
pateō, -ēre, -uīlie open; extend, stretch
nam, conj.for
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
excellō, -erebe superior, excel
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
plērumque (adv.)generally, mostly
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
contentiō, -ōnis f.struggle, dispute
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
dēclārō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake clear, declare
modo, adv.only
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
omnis, -eall, every
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
dīvīnus, -a, -umdivine, of the gods
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
pervertō, -ere, -vertī, -versusoverturn; corrupt, ruin
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
opīniō, -ōnis, f.opinion, expectation; reputation
error, -ōris m.wandering; mistake, error
fingō, fingere, finxī, fictusinvent, make up
prīncipātus, -ūs m.leadership, first place
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
molestus, -a, -umtroublesome; molestus esse (+ dat.), to bother
quod, conj.that, in that, because
splendidus, -a, -umbright, magnificent
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
exsistō, -ere, -stitīcome forth, arise; appear
potentia, -ae f.power, influence
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautusbeware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
peccō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdo wrong
iniūstitia, -ae f.injustice, wrongdoing
permultus, -a, -umvery many, very much
intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrusbe or lie between
utrum (conj.)whether (utrum … an: whether … or)
perturbātiō, -ōnis f.confusion, disorder
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
brevis, -eshort
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
an, conj.or (in questions)
cōnsultum, -ī n.decree (senātūs cōnsultum: a decree of the Senate)
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
levis, -elight, slight
repentīnus, -a, -umsudden
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
meditor, -ārī, -ātus sumthink over, plan; practise, train for
praeparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprepare beforehand
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
Cicero, De Officiis I. Latin text: W. Miller, Cicero: De Officiis (Loeb, 1913), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.