LectitōOpen the reader

Lectitō › Cicero › On Duties, Book 1 (De Officiis) › De Officiis 1.1

Cicero · De Officiis I

De Officiis 1.1

A letter to his son Marcus

English onlyRead it word by word

Off. 1.1.1Quamquam tē, Mārce fīlī, annum iam audientem Cratippum, idque Athēnīs, abundāre oportet praeceptīs īnstitūtīsque philosophiae propter summam et doctōris auctōritātem et urbis, quōrum alter tē scientiā augēre potest, altera exemplīs, tamen, ut ipse ad meam ūtilitātem semper cum Graecīs Latīna coniūnxī neque id in philosophiā sōlum, sed etiam in dīcendī exercitātiōne fēcī, idem tibi cēnseō faciendum, ut pār sīs in utrīusque ōrātiōnis facultāte.Although, Marcus my son, you have now been a pupil of Cratippus for a year, and that at Athens, and ought to be well stocked with the precepts and doctrines of philosophy because of the supreme authority of both the teacher and the city, one of which can enrich you with knowledge, the other with examples, nevertheless, just as I myself, to my own advantage, have always combined Latin with Greek, and have done this not only in philosophy but also in the practice of speaking, so I think you should do the same, so that you may have equal command of both languages. Off. 1.1.1Quam quidem ad rem nōs, ut vidēmur, magnum attulimus adiūmentum hominibus nostrīs, ut nōn modo Graecārum litterārum rudēs, sed etiam doctī aliquantum sē arbitrentur adeptōs et ad dīcendum et ad iūdicandum.To this end, indeed, I have, as it seems, brought our countrymen great assistance, so that not only those unversed in Greek literature but even the learned think they have gained something both for speaking and for judging.

Off. 1.1.2Quam ob rem discēs tū quidem ā prīncipe huius aetātis philosophōrum, et discēs, quam diū volēs;Therefore you will learn, indeed, from the foremost philosopher of this age, and you will learn for as long as you wish; Off. 1.1.2tam diū autem velle dēbēbis, quoad tē, quantum prōficiās, nōn paenitēbit;and you ought to wish it for as long as you are not dissatisfied with how much progress you are making; Off. 1.1.2sed tamen nostra legēns nōn multum ā Peripatēticīs dissidentia, quoniam utrīque Sōcraticī et Platōnicī volumus esse, dē rēbus ipsīs ūtere tuō iūdiciō (nihil enim impediō), ōrātiōnem autem Latīnam efficiēs profectō legendīs nostrīs plēniōrem.but still, in reading my works, which do not differ much from the Peripatetics, since both they and I wish to be followers of Socrates and Plato, use your own judgement on the matters themselves (for I place no obstacle in your way), but you will certainly make your Latin style fuller by reading what I write. Off. 1.1.2Nec vērō hoc arroganter dictum exīstimārī velim.And I would not wish this to be thought an arrogant thing to say.

Off. 1.1.2Nam philosophandī scientiam concēdēns multīs, quod est ōrātōris proprium, aptē, distīnctē, ōrnātē dīcere, quoniam in eō studiō aetātem cōnsūmpsī, sī id mihi assūmō, videor id meō iūre quōdam modō vindicāre.For while I concede the knowledge of philosophy to many, if I claim for myself what is proper to an orator, to speak fittingly, clearly and elegantly, since I have spent my life in that pursuit, I seem in a certain way to be claiming what is mine by right. Off. 1.1.3Quam ob rem magnopere tē hortor, mī Cicerō, ut nōn sōlum ōrātiōnēs meās, sed hōs etiam dē philosophiā librōs, quī iam illīs ferē sē aequārunt, studiōsē legās;Therefore I urge you strongly, my Cicero, to read with care not only my speeches but also these books on philosophy, which have by now almost equalled them; Off. 1.1.3vīs enim maior in illīs dīcendī, sed hoc quoque colendum est aequābile et temperātum ōrātiōnis genus.for there is greater force of eloquence in the former, but this even and restrained style of speech must also be cultivated. Off. 1.1.3Et id quidem nēminī videō Graecōrum adhūc contigisse, ut īdem utrōque in genere ēlabōrāret sequerēturque et illud forēnse dīcendī et hoc quiētum disputandī genus, nisi forte Dēmētrius Phalēreus in hōc numerō habērī potest, disputātor subtīlis, ōrātor parum vehemēns, dulcis tamen, ut Theophrastī discipulum possīs agnōscere.And indeed I see that it has so far fallen to none of the Greeks to labour in both kinds alike and to pursue both that forensic style of speaking and this calm style of discussion, unless perhaps Demetrius of Phalerum can be counted in this number, a subtle reasoner, an orator not forceful enough, yet sweet, so that you could recognise the pupil of Theophrastus.

Off. 1.1.3Nōs autem quantum in utrōque prōfēcerīmus, aliōrum sit iūdicium, utrumque certē secūtī sumus.How far I have advanced in each, let others judge; certainly I have pursued both. Off. 1.1.4Equidem et Platōnem exīstimō, sī genus forēnse dīcendī trāctāre voluisset, gravissimē et cōpiōsissimē potuisse dīcere, et Dēmosthenem, sī illa, quae ā Platōne didicerat, tenuisset et prōnūntiāre voluisset, ōrnātē splendidēque facere potuisse;For my part, I think that Plato too, if he had chosen to take up the forensic style of speaking, could have spoken with the greatest weight and fullness, and that Demosthenes, if he had held on to what he had learned from Plato and had chosen to deliver it, could have done so with elegance and brilliance; Off. 1.1.4eōdemque modō dē Aristotele et Īsocrate iūdicō, quōrum uterque suō studiō dēlectātus contempsit alterum.and I judge in the same way about Aristotle and Isocrates, each of whom, delighted with his own pursuit, despised the other's.

Read the Latin itself: tap any word for its meaning and grammar, save words to review, and keep your place.

Read in Lectitō

Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×11, indirect statement ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (168 words)
quamquam, conj.however much, although
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
fīlius, -ī, m.son
annus, -ī, m.year
iam, adv.now, already
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
que, enclitic conj.and
abundō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumoverflow; have plenty of, abound in (+ abl.)
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
praeceptum, -ī n.instruction, order
īnstitūtum, -ī n.custom, institution
philosophia, -ae f.philosophy
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
doctor, -ōris m.teacher
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
urbs, urbis, f.city
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
scientia, -ae, f.knowledge, skill
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
ūtilitās, -ātis f.usefulness, advantage
semper, adv.always
cum, prep, with abl.with
Latīnus, -a, -umLatin
coniungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin together, join
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
sed, conj.but
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
exercitātiō, -ōnis, f.exercise
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsusthink, believe, consider
pār, parisequal
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
ōrātiō, -ōnis, f.speech; ōrātiōnem habēre, to deliver an oration, speak
facultās, -tātis, f.possibility, opportunity, chance, means
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
nōsplur. of ego
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātusbear to, bring
adiūmentum, -ī n.help, aid, support
homō, hominis, m.man
noster, -tra, -trumour
nōn, adv.not
modo, adv.only
litterae, -ārum f. pl.letters (of the alphabet); a letter, dispatch
rudis, -eraw, rough; (of cloth) new, unshrunk
doctus, -a, -umlearned, skilled, trained (in: abl.)
aliquantum, -quantī, n.somewhat
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
adipīscor, -ī, adeptus sumobtain, win, gain
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
discō, discere, didicīlearn
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
aetās, -tātis, f.age
philosophus, -ī m.philosopher
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
volō, velle, voluīwish
tam, adv.so
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
quoad (conj.)as long as; until
quantum, adv.how much? how?
prōficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectumaccomplish, make progress
paeniteō, -ēre, -uīcause regret; impersonal: it causes regret (to)
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
multum, -ī, n.much
dissideō, -ēre, -sēdībe at odds, disagree, be at variance
quoniam, conj.since now, since
Sōcraticus, -a, -umSocratic; (m. pl. as noun) followers of Socrates
Platōnicus, -a, -umPlatonic; (m. pl. as noun) followers of Plato
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
enim, conj.for
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
profectō, adv.certainly, surely
plēnus, -a, -umfull
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
arroganter (adv.)arrogantly
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
nam, conj.for
philosophor, -ārī, -ātus sumstudy philosophy, philosophise
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
ōrātor, -ōris m.speaker; envoy
proprius, -a, -umone's own, private; characteristic (of)
aptē (adv.)fitly, suitably
distīnctē (adv.)clearly, precisely
ōrnātē (adv.)elegantly, ornately
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
cōnsūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake completely, use up, consume, spend
sī, conj.if
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
assūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake up, receive; take to oneself
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
vindicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpunish; claim
magnopere, adv.greatly, very much, exceedingly; earnestly
hortor, -ārī, -ātusexhort, encourage, urge
liber, librī m.book; record
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
ferē, adv.nearly, about, almost, for the most part
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
studiōsē (adv.)eagerly, carefully
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
quoque, adv.also
colō, colere, coluī, cultustill, cultivate; inhabit; worship
aequābilis, -eeven, uniform; consistent, fair
temperātus, -a, -ummild, temperate
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
adhūc, adv.to this point, up to this time, yet, still
contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctumtouch, reach
ēlabōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswork out, produce with effort
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
forēnsis, -eof the forum, of public business and the law courts
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
disputō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdiscuss, argue
nisi, conj.if not, unless
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
Phalēreus, -a, -umof Phalerum, the old harbour of Athens
numerus, -ī, m.number
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
disputātor, -ōris m.debater, philosophical reasoner
subtīlis, -efine, delicate; precise, discriminating
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
vehemēns, -entisviolent, forceful, severe
dulcis, -esweet
discipulus, -ī m.pupil, disciple
agnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus, recognize
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
certē (adv.)certainly, surely; at any rate
equidem (adv.)indeed, truly; for my part
trāctō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushandle, touch, feel
graviter, adv.severely, seriously
cōpiōsē (adv.)fully, at length, abundantly; eloquently
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
prōnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusproclaim, announce
splendidē, adv.splendidly, brilliantly; splendidissimē nātus: of the most distinguished birth
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplease, delight; passive: enjoy, take pleasure in
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
Cicero, De Officiis I. Latin text: W. Miller, Cicero: De Officiis (Loeb, 1913), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.