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Cicero · De Amicitia

De Amicitia 9

Virtue, not profit, as friendship's source

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Amic. 9.1Quod sī tanta vīs probitātis est, ut eam vel in eīs, quōs numquam vīdimus, et, quod maius est, in hoste etiam dīligāmus, quid mīrum est, sī animī hominum moveantur, cum eōrum, quibuscum ūsū coniūnctī esse possunt, virtūtem et bonitātem perspicere videantur?But if the power of uprightness is so great that we love it in those we have never seen, and, what is more, even in an enemy, what wonder is it if men's hearts are moved when they seem to see clearly the virtue and goodness of those with whom they can be joined by intimacy? Amic. 9.1Quamquam cōnfirmātur amor et beneficiō acceptō et studiō perspectō et cōnsuētūdine adiūnctā, quibus rēbus ad illum prīmum mōtum animī et amōris adhibitīs admīrābilis quaedam exārdēscit benevolentiae magnitūdō.And yet love is strengthened by a kindness received, by devotion observed and by familiarity added, and when these are joined to that first impulse of the heart and of love, a wonderful greatness of goodwill blazes up. Amic. 9.1Quam sī quī putant ab imbēcillitāte proficīscī, ut sit per quem adsequātur quod quisque dēsīderet, humilem sānē relinquunt et minimē generōsum, ut ita dīcam, ortum amīcitiae, quam ex inopiā atque indigentiā nātam volunt.If any think that this springs from weakness, so that there may be someone through whom each may obtain what he wants, they leave friendship a lowly and, so to speak, most ignoble origin, wanting it to be born of poverty and need.

Amic. 9.1Quod sī ita esset, ut quisque minimum esse in sē arbitrārētur, ita ad amīcitiam esset aptissimus;If that were so, then the less each man thought there was in himself, the better suited he would be to friendship; Amic. 9.1quod longē secus est.which is far from the case. Amic. 9.30Ut enim quisque sibi plūrimum cōnfīdit et ut quisque maximē virtūte et sapientiā sīc mūnītus est, ut nūllō egeat suaque omnia in sē ipsō posita iūdicet, ita in amīcitiīs expetendīs colendīsque maximē excellit.For the more each man trusts in himself, and the more he is so fortified by virtue and wisdom that he needs no one and judges all that is his to rest within himself, the more he excels in seeking out and cultivating friendships. Amic. 9.30Quid enim?What then? Amic. 9.30Āfricānus indigēns meī?Did Africanus need me? Amic. 9.30Minimē herculē!Not at all, by Hercules! Amic. 9.30Ac nē ego quidem illīus, sed ego admīrātiōne quādam virtūtis eius, ille vicissim opīniōne fortasse nōn nūllā quam dē meīs mōribus habēbat, mē dīlēxit;Nor indeed did I need him; but I loved him from a kind of admiration of his virtue, and he in turn loved me, perhaps from some good opinion he had of my character; Amic. 9.30auxit benevolentiam cōnsuētūdō.familiarity increased our goodwill.

Amic. 9.30Sed quamquam ūtilitātēs multae et magnae cōnsecūtae sunt, nōn sunt tamen ab eārum spē causae dīligendī profectae.But although many great advantages followed, yet the causes of our affection did not spring from the hope of them. Amic. 9.31Ut enim beneficī līberālēsque sumus, nōn ut exigāmus grātiam—neque enim beneficium faenerāmur, sed nātūrā prōpēnsī ad līberālitātem sumus—sīc amīcitiam nōn spē mercēdis adductī, sed quod omnis eius frūctus in ipsō amōre īnest, expetendam putāmus.For just as we are kind and generous not in order to demand gratitude (for we do not lend out kindness at interest, but are by nature inclined to generosity), so we think friendship worth seeking not because we are led by hope of reward, but because all its profit lies in the love itself. Amic. 9.32Ab hīs, quī pecudum rītū ad voluptātem omnia referunt, longē dissentiunt;From those who, like cattle, refer everything to pleasure, the holders of this view differ widely; Amic. 9.32nec mīrum;and no wonder; Amic. 9.32nihil enim altum, nihil magnificum ac dīvīnum suspicere possunt, quī suās omnīs cōgitātiōnēs abiēcērunt in rem tam humilem tamque contemptam.for they can look up to nothing lofty, nothing magnificent and divine, who have cast down all their thoughts to a thing so lowly and so contemptible.

Amic. 9.32Quam ob rem hōs quidem ab hōc sermōne removeāmus, ipsī autem intellegāmus nātūrā gignī sēnsum dīligendī et benevolentiae cāritātem factā significātiōne probitātis, quam quī appetīvērunt, applicant sēsē et propius admovent, ut et ūsū eius, quem dīligere coepērunt, fruantur et mōribus, sintque parēs in amōre et aequālēs prōpēnsiōrēsque ad bene merendum quam ad reposcendum, atque haec inter eōs sit honesta certātiō.Therefore let us remove these men from this conversation, and let us ourselves understand that the feeling of love and the affection of goodwill arise from nature, once a sign of uprightness has been given; and those who have sought this draw close and move nearer, so that they may enjoy both the company and the character of the one they have begun to love, and be equal and alike in love and more inclined to do a service than to demand one in return, and so that there may be this honourable rivalry between them. Amic. 9.32Sīc et ūtilitātēs ex amīcitiā maximae capientur, et erit eius ortus ā nātūrā quam ab imbēcillitāte gravior et vērior.In this way the greatest advantages will be gained from friendship, and its origin from nature rather than from weakness will be more dignified and more true.

Amic. 9.32Nam sī ūtilitās conglūtināret amīcitiās, eadem commūtāta dissolveret;For if advantage cemented friendships, a change in it would dissolve them; Amic. 9.32sed quia nātūra mūtārī nōn potest, idcircō vērae amīcitiae sempiternae sunt.but because nature cannot be changed, therefore true friendships are everlasting. Amic. 9.32Ortum quidem amīcitiae vidētis, nisi quid ad haec forte vultis.You see the origin of friendship, then, unless perhaps you wish to say something in reply to this. Amic. 9.32FANNIUS.FANNIUS. Amic. 9.32Tū vērō perge, Laelī!Do go on, Laelius! Amic. 9.32Prō hōc enim, quī minor est nātū, meō iūre respondeō.For I answer for him here, who is younger, by my own right. Amic. 9.33SCAEVOLA.SCAEVOLA. Amic. 9.33Rēctē tū quidem: quam ob rem audiāmus.You are quite right: so let us listen.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×4, indirect statement ×4, gerunds and gerundives ×7, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (195 words)
quod, conj.that, in that, because
sī, conj.if
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
probitās, -ātis f.honesty, uprightness
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
velor; vel … vel: either … or
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
numquam, adv.never
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
dīligō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctuslove, value highly
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
mīrus, -a, -umwonderful, strange
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
homō, hominis, m.man
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
coniungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin together, join
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
bonitās, -ātis f.goodness, fertility (of land)
perspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumsee clearly, observe
quamquam, conj.however much, although
cōnfirmō, -firmāre, -firmāvī, -firmātusstrengthen, establish; declare, assert
amor, -ōris, m.love
beneficium, -ī, n.well-doing, kindness, service, benefit
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f.custom, habit; way of life
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold to, employ, show
admīrābilis, -ewonderful, admirable
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
exārdēscō, -ārdēscere, -ārsī, -ārsusblaze out, be inflamed, rage
benevolentia, -ae f.goodwill, kindness
magnitūdō, -tūdinis, f.greatness, size
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
imbēcillitās, -ātis f.weakness, feebleness
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
adsequor, -sequī, -secūtus sumovertake; gain, achieve
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslong for, miss; require
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
sānē, adv.certainly, by all means; very
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
minimē, adv.least, very little; by no means, not at all
generōsus, -a, -umof good family, well-born
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
ortus, -ūs m.rising (ortus sōlis: sunrise)
amīcitia, -ae f.friendship, alliance
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
inopia, -ae f.lack, want, scarcity
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
indigentia, -ae f.need, want; neediness
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
volō, velle, voluīwish
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
longē, adv.far
secus (prep. + acc.)beside, along
enim, conj.for
plūrimum (adv.)most, very much (plūrimum posse: be most powerful)
cōnfīdō, -ere, cōnfīsus sumtrust, be confident
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
sapientia, -ae f.wisdom, good sense
sīc, adv.so, thus
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl. or gen.)need, lack, be in want of
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
que, enclitic conj.and
omnis, -eall, every
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
expetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītusseek eagerly, desire
colō, colere, coluī, cultustill, cultivate; inhabit; worship
excellō, -erebe superior, excel
indigeō, -ēre, -uīneed, be in want of (+ gen. or abl.); nōn indiget nisi ut: needs only to
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
hercle (interj.)by Hercules!, indeed
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
sed, conj.but
admīrātiō, -ōnis f.wonder, admiration
vicissim (adv.)in turn
opīniō, -ōnis, f.opinion, expectation; reputation
fortasse (adv.)perhaps
nōn, adv.not
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
ūtilitās, -ātis f.usefulness, advantage
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
cōnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, follow; overtake
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
spēs, speī, f.hope
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
beneficus, -a, -umgenerous, kind, doing good
līberālis, -ebefitting a free man; generous (with: gen.)
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
faeneror (fēneror), -ārī, -ātus sumlend at interest; beneficium faenerārī: do a favour for profit
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
prōpēnsus, -a, -uminclined, disposed, willing; eager
līberālitās, -ātis f.generosity
mercēs, mercēdis, f.pay, reward, wages
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
frūctus, -ūs, m.enjoyment; fruit
īnsum, inesse, īnfuībe in, be present in (dat.)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
pecus, pecudis, f.head of cattle, beast, sheep, goat
rītus, -ūs m.rite, ceremony; custom, manner
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
dissentiō, -īre, -sēnsī, -sēnsusdisagree, differ
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
magnificus, -a, -umsplendid, magnificent
dīvīnus, -a, -umdivine, of the gods
suspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectuslook up (at); admire
cōgitātiō, -ōnis f.thought, reflection; plan, intention
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow away
tam, adv.so
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
removeō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove back, remove
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitusproduce, bring forth
sēnsus, -ūs m.feeling, sensation; perception; sentiment
cāritās, -ātis f.dearness; love, affection
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
significātiō, -ōnis f.signal
appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītusdraw near
applicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusattach; (with sē) lean against
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
admoveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove up, bring near
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
fruor, -ī, frūctus sum (+ abl.)enjoy
pār, parisequal
aequālis, -eequal; of the same age
bene, adv.well; successfully
mereor, -ērī, meritus sumdeserve; (dē) do service to
reposcō, -eredemand back, claim
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
certātiō, -ōnis f.contest, rivalry, competition
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
nam, conj.for
conglūtinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusglue together, cement, bind closely
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
commūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumchange
dissolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusloosen, break up; dissolūtus: lax, negligent
quia (conj.)because
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
idcircō (adv.)for that reason
sempiternus, -a, -umeverlasting, eternal
nisi, conj.if not, unless
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctumgo on, press on
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
nātū (abl. only)by birth (maiōrēs nātū: the elders)
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
respondeō, -spondēre, -spondī, -spōnsusreply, answer
rēctē (adv.)rightly, properly; safely
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
Cicero, De Amicitia. Latin text: W. A. Falconer, Cicero: De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione (Loeb, 1923), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.