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De Bello Gallico 3.15

The sea battle won

Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.

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3.15.1Dēiectīs, ut dīximus, antemnīs, cum singulās bīnae ac ternae nāvēs circumsteterant, mīlitēs summā vī trānscendere in hostium nāvēs contendēbant.

When the yards had been torn down, as we have said, and two or three of our ships had surrounded each one of theirs, the soldiers strove with all their might to climb across into the enemy's ships.

Note. Dēiectīs … antemnīs is an ablative absolute. singulās bīnae ac ternae nāvēs: distributive numerals, 'two or three ships to each one'.

3.15.2Quod postquam barbarī fierī animadvertērunt, expugnātīs complūribus nāvibus, cum eī reī nūllum reperīrētur auxilium, fugā salūtem petere contendērunt.

When the barbarians saw this happening, and several ships had been taken, since no remedy could be found for it, they tried to seek safety in flight.

3.15.3Ac iam conversīs in eam partem nāvibus quō ventus ferēbat, tanta subitō malacia ac tranquillitās extitit ut sē ex locō movēre nōn possent.

And when they had already turned their ships in the direction the wind was carrying them, such a sudden dead calm came on that they could not move from the spot.

3.15.4Quae quidem rēs ad negōtium cōnficiendum maximae fuit oportūnitātī: nam singulās nostrī cōnsectātī expugnāvērunt, ut perpaucae ex omnī numerō noctis interventū ad terram pervenīrent, cum ab hōrā ferē IIII usque ad sōlis occāsum pugnārētur.

This circumstance was indeed a great help in finishing the business: for our men chased the ships one by one and took them, so that very few out of the whole number reached land when night came on, since the fighting went on from about the fourth hour until sunset.

Note. ad negōtium cōnficiendum: gerundive of purpose. maximae fuit opportūnitātī: double-dative idea, 'was of the greatest advantage'. The text prints per venīrent for pervenīrent.

Vocabulary

dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow down, cast, drive out of one's course
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
antemna, -ae f.yard (the spar that holds a sail)
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
bīnī, -ae, -atwo each, two at a time
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ternī, -ae, -athree each, three at a time
nāvis, -is, f.ship
circumstō, -stāre, -stetīstand around
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
trānscendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsumclimb over, board
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
contendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch, hasten
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
barbarus, -a, -umbarbarian
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn the mind to, observe
expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake by storm, capture
complūrēs, -plūra, plur. adj.several, many
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertusfind, discover
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
fuga, -ae, f.flight
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
iam, adv.now, already
convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
ventus, -ī, m.wind
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
subitō, adv.unexpectedly, suddenly
malacia, -ae f.dead calm at sea
tranquillitās, -tātis, f.calm
exstō, -ārestand out; appear, arise
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
nōn, adv.not
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
negōtium, -ī, n.business, matter; task, trouble, difficulty
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
opportūnitās, -ātis f.advantage, favourable feature
nam, conj.for
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
noster, -tra, -trumour
cōnsector, -ārī, -ātus sumpursue, chase
perpaucī, -ae, -avery few
omnis, -eall, every
numerus, -ī, m.number
nox, noctis, f.night
interventus, -ūs m.coming on, intervention
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
hōra, -ae, f.hour
ferē, adv.nearly, about, almost, for the most part
Roman numerala number written with letters: I 1, V 5, X 10, L 50, C 100, D 500, M 1000
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
occāsus, -ūs, m.setting
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
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Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text: T. Rice Holmes (Oxford, 1914), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: LatinCy, then every word checked and corrected by hand. Vocabulary: F. Ritchie (1903, public domain) and entries written for this app. English translation, notes and grammar hints: written for this app.