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De Bello Gallico 2.16

The Nervii wait at the Sambre

Caesar, De Bello Gallico II. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.

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2.16.1Cum per eōrum fīnēs trīduum iter fēcisset, inveniēbat ex captīvīs Sabim flūmen ā castrīs suīs nōn amplius mīlibus passuum X abesse;

When he had marched through their territory for three days, he learned from prisoners that the river Sambre was no more than ten miles from his camp;

Note. trīduum iter fēcisset: trīduum is an accusative of time, 'for three days'.

2.16.2trāns id flūmen omnēs Nerviōs cōnsēdisse adventumque ibi Rōmānōrum expectāre ūnā cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduīs, fīnitimīs suīs (nam hīs utrīsque persuāserant utī eandem bellī fortūnam experīrentur);

that all the Nervii had taken up position across that river and were waiting there for the Romans to arrive, together with the Atrebates and Viromandui, their neighbours (for they had persuaded both of these to try the same fortune of war);

2.16.4expectārī etiam ab iīs Atuatucōrum cōpiās atque esse in itinere;

that the forces of the Atuatuci were also expected by them and were on the way;

2.16.5mulierēs quīque per aetātem ad pugnam inūtilēs vidērentur in eum locum coniēcisse quō propter palūdēs exercituī aditus nōn esset.

and that they had put their women and those who seemed too old or too young to fight into a place which an army could not reach because of the marshes.

Note. quīque = et quī, 'and those who'. quō … aditus nōn esset: a relative clause of characteristic, 'a place to which there was no access'.

Vocabulary

cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
trīduum, -ī n.three days
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
captīvus, -a, -umcaptive
flūmen, -minis, n.river
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
nōn, adv.not
amplius (adv.)more, further
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
passus, -ūs, m.pace (mīlia passuum: miles)
Roman numerala number written with letters: I 1, V 5, X 10, L 50, C 100, D 500, M 1000
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
trāns, prep. with acc.across, over
omnis, -eall, every
cōnsīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessussit down
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
que, enclitic conj.and
ibi, adv.in that place, there
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
ūnātogether, along
cum, prep, with abl.with
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
fīnitimus, -a, -umneighboring, adjoining
nam, conj.for
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
persuādeō, -suādēre, -suāsi, -suāsuspersuade, prevail upon, induce
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
bellum, -ī, n.war
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
mulier, mulieris, f.woman
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
aetās, -tātis, f.age
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
inūtilis, -enot useful, useless
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
aditus, -ūs, m.approach, entrance
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Caesar, De Bello Gallico II. Latin text: T. Rice Holmes (Oxford, 1914), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: LatinCy, then every word checked and corrected by hand. Vocabulary: F. Ritchie (1903, public domain) and entries written for this app. English translation, notes and grammar hints: written for this app.