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Vergil · Georgics

Georgics 3.349–383

Winter among the Scythians

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Georg. 3.349At nōn, quā Scythiae gentēs Maeōtiaque undā,
350turbidus et torquēns flāventīs Hister harēnās,
quāque redit medium Rhodopē porrēcta sub axem.
But not so where the Scythian tribes are, and the Maeotic water, and the muddy Danube rolling its yellow sands, and where Rhodope turns back, stretched out beneath the middle of the pole.
Georg. 3.352Illīc clausa tenent stabulīs armenta, neque ūllae
aut herbae campō appārent aut arbore frondēs;
There they keep the herds shut in stalls, and no grass appears on the plain nor leaves on the tree;
Georg. 3.354sed iacet aggeribus niveīs īnfōrmis et altō
355terrā gelū lātē septemque adsurgit in ulnās.
but the earth lies shapeless far and wide under snowdrifts and deep ice, and rises seven ells high.
Georg. 3.356Semper hiemps, semper spīrantēs frīgora caurī.Always winter, always north-west winds breathing cold. Georg. 3.357Tum Sōl pallentīs haud umquam discutit umbrās,
nec cum invectus equīs altum petit aethera, nec cum
praecipitem Oceanī rubrō lāvit aequore currum.
And the Sun never scatters the pale shadows, neither when, borne by his horses, he seeks the high heaven, nor when he bathes his plunging chariot in the red water of Ocean.

Georg. 3.360Concrēscunt subitae currentī in flūmine crustae
undaque iam tergō ferrātōs sustinet orbīs,
puppibus illa prius, patulīs nunc hospita plaustrīs;
Sudden crusts form on the running river, and the water now bears iron-rimmed wheels on its back, once host to ships, now to broad wagons;
Georg. 3.363aeraque dissiliunt vulgō vestēsque rigēscunt
indūtae caeduntque secūribus ūmida vīna
365et tōtae solidam in glaciem vertēre lacūnae
stīriaque impexīs indūruit horrida barbīs.
bronze vessels commonly burst, clothes freeze as they are worn, they cut the liquid wine with axes, whole pools turn to solid ice, and rough icicles have stiffened on uncombed beards.
Georg. 3.367Intereā tōtō nōn sētius āere ninguit:
intereunt pecudēs, stant circumfūsa pruīnīs
corpora magna boum, cōnfertōque agmine cervī
370torpent mōle novā et summīs vix cornibus extant.
Meanwhile it snows no less over all the sky: the cattle perish, the great bodies of oxen stand wrapped in frost, and the deer in a crowded herd are numb under the strange mass and scarcely show the tips of their horns above it.
Georg. 3.371Hōs nōn immissīs canibus, nōn cassibus ūllīs
pūniceaeve agitant pavidōs formīdine pennae,
sed frūstrā oppositum trūdentīs pectore montem
comminus obtruncant ferrō graviterque rudentīs
375caedunt et magnō laetī clamōre reportant.
These they hunt not by loosing hounds, nor with any nets, nor by scaring them with the terror of the crimson feather, but as they push in vain with their breasts against the mountain in their way, they slay them hand to hand with the steel, cut them down as they bellow loudly, and carry them home with glad shouting.

Georg. 3.376Ipsī in dēfossīs specubus sēcūra sub altā
ōtia agunt terrā congestaque rōbora tōtāsque
advolvēre focīs ulmōs ignīque dedēre.
They themselves live in carefree leisure in caves dug deep under the earth, and have rolled heaps of logs and whole elms to their hearths and given them to the fire.
Georg. 3.379Hīc noctem lūdō dūcunt et pōcula laetī
380fermentō atque acidīs imitantur vītea sorbīs.
Here they spend the night in games, and gladly imitate draughts of the vine with ferment and sour service-berries.
Georg. 3.381Tālis Hyperboreō septem subiecta triōnī
gēns effrēna virum Rhiphaeō tunditur eurō
et pecudum fulvīs vēlātur corpora saetīs.
Such is the unbridled race of men that lives beneath the seven stars of the northern Wain, buffeted by the Rhipaean east wind, and they cover their bodies with the tawny pelts of beasts.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×1, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (180 words)
at, conj.but
nōn, adv.not
quā, adv.in which place, where
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
Maeōtius, -a, -umof the Maeotic lake (the Sea of Azov) and its peoples
que, enclitic conj.and
unda, -ae, f.wave
turbidus, -a, -umstormy, wild, confused
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortusturn
flāveō, -ērebe yellow, be golden
harēna, -ae, f.sand; shore
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
porrigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctusstretch out, hold out, hand
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
axis, -is m.axle; the axis of the heavens, the sky
illīc (adv.)there
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
stabulum, -ī, n.standing-place, stall, stable, inclosure
armentum, -ī n.herd (of cattle)
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
ūllus, -a, -umany
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
herba, -ae, f.herb, plant
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
arbor, -oris, f.tree
frōns, frondis f.leafy branch, foliage
sed, conj.but
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
agger, aggeris m.mound, siege ramp
niveus, -a, -umsnowy, snow-white
īnfōrmis, -eshapeless; ugly
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
gelū, -ūs n.frost, cold, ice
lātēwidely
septemseven
assurgō (adsurgō), -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctumrise up
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ulna, -ae f.forearm, arm; an ell (measure of length)
semper, adv.always
hiems, hiemis f.winter
spīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbreathe; (of wind) blow
frīgus, -oris n.cold
Caurus (Cōrus), -ī m.the north-west wind
tum, adv.then, at that time
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
palleō, -ēre, -uībe pale
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
umquam, adv.ever
discutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussusshatter; clear away
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
invehō, -ere, -vēxī, -vectuscarry in; (pass.) attack (in words): invehī in + acc., to inveigh against
equus, -ī, m.horse
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
aethēr, -eris m. (acc. aethera)the upper air, the sky
praeceps, -cipitisheadlong
ruber, -bra, -brumred; mare rubrum: the Red Sea (often the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf)
lavō, -āre, lāvī, lautuswash; passive: bathe
aequor, -oris n.level surface; the sea
currus, -ūs, m.chariot, car
concrēscō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusharden, set; concrētus: clotted, matted
subitus, -a, -umsudden
currō, currere, cucurrī, cursusrun
flūmen, -minis, n.river
crusta, -ae f.crust, rind, shell; sheet of ice
iam, adv.now, already
tergum, -ī, n.back
ferrātus, -a, -umtipped or shod with iron
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
puppis, -is f.stern of a ship
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
prius, adv.before, first
patulus, -a, -umwide open, spreading
nunc, adv.now
hospita, -ae f.hostess; foreign woman; (as adj.) foreign, of a stranger
plaustrum (plōstrum), -ī n.wagon, cart
aes, aeris, n.copper, bronze
dissiliō, -īre, -uīleap apart, fly apart, burst
vulgō (adv.)everywhere, commonly
vestis, -is, f.clothing, dress, robe
rigēscō, -ere, riguīgrow stiff, freeze, harden
induō, induere, induī, indūtusput on; clothe
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
secūris, -is f.axe (the axes in the fasces, sign of Roman power)
ūmidus, -a, -umwet, damp, moist
vīnum, -ī, n.wine
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
solidus, -a, -umwhole, complete, solid
glaciēs, -ēī f.ice
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
lacūna, -ae f.a hollow, ditch; pool, pond
stīria, -ae f.icicle
impexus, -a, -umuncombed, shaggy
indūrēscō, -ere, -dūruībecome hard, harden
horridus, -a, -umrough, wild, frightening
barba, -ae f.beard
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
sētius (adv.)less (nihilō sētius: nevertheless)
āēr, āeris, m.air
ninguō (ningō), -ere, nīnxīsnow; ninguit: it snows
intereō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusperish, die
pecus, pecudis, f.head of cattle, beast, sheep, goat
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
circumfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour around; (passive) crowd around, surround
pruīna, -ae f.frost
corpus, corporis, n.body
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus, m. and f.ox, bull, cow
cōnfertus, -a, -umcrowded, close-packed
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
cervus, -ī, m.stag
torpeō, -ērebe numb, be paralysed
mōlēs, -is f.mass; dam, breakwater
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
exstō, -ārestand out; appear, arise
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
immittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend or let in
canis, -is, m. and f.dog
cassis, -is m. (usu. pl. cassēs)hunting net; spider's web
pūniceus, -a, -umcrimson, scarlet
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
pavidus, -a, -umfrightened
formīdō, -inis f.fear, dread; something to be dreaded
penna, -ae f.feather; (pl.) wings
frūstrā, adv.in vain
oppōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusset against, place opposite
trūdō, -ere, trūsī, trūsuspush, thrust, shove
pectus, pectoris, n.breast
mōns, montis, m.mountain
comminus (adv.)hand to hand, at close quarters
obtruncō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscut down, kill
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
graviter, adv.severely, seriously
rudō, -ere, rudīvī, rudītusroar, bray, bellow
laetus, -a, -umglad, joyful
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
reportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātuscarry or bring back
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
dēfodiō, -ere, -fōdī, -fossusdig down; bury, hide in the ground
specus, -ūs m.cave, grotto
sēcūrus, -a, -umfree from care, untroubled; careless (of: gen.)
ōtium, -ī n.leisure, rest; peace, quiet
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
congerō, -ere, -gessī, -gestusheap up, bring together
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
advolvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtusroll to, roll up against
focus, -ī m.hearth, fireplace; (fig.) home
ulmus, -ī f.elm
ignis, -is, m.fire
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
nox, noctis, f.night
lūdus, -ī, m.game, sport
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
pōculum, -ī, n.cup
fermentum, -ī n.yeast, leaven
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
acidus, -a, -umsour, tart
imitor, -ārī, -ātus sumcopy, imitate
vīteus, -a, -umof the vine
sorbum, -ī n.service-berry, fruit of the service tree
tālis, -esuch
Hyperboreus, -a, -umof the far north, Hyperborean
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
effrēnus, -a, -umunbridled, unrestrained
vir, virī, m.man
Rhīpaeus (Rhiphaeus), -a, -umRhipaean, of the fabled Rhipaean mountains in the far north
tundō, -ere, tutudī, tūnsumbeat, strike
fulvus, -a, -umtawny, yellow-brown
vēlō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusveil, cover
saeta, -ae f.bristle, coarse hair
Vergil, Georgics. Latin text: J. B. Greenough, The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil (Boston, 1881), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.