| hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron. | this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter |
| animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versus | turn the mind to, observe |
| terra, -ae, f. | land, earth |
| multō, adv. | by much or far, much, far |
| ante, prep, with acc. and adv. | before |
| meminī, meminisse | remember |
| excoquō, -ere, -coxī, -coctus | boil out, burn out (impurities), purge by fire; bake hard |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| scrobis, -is m. | ditch, trench, pit |
| concīdō, -ere, concīdī, concīsum | cut down, kill |
| mōns, montis, m. | mountain |
| supīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | turn upwards, lay on its back |
| aquilō, -ōnis m. | the north wind; the north-east wind |
| ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus | stretch out before, show, explain |
| glaeba, -ae f. | clod, soil |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| laetus, -a, -um | glad, joyful |
| īnfodiō, -ere, -fōdī, -fossus | dig in, bury |
| vītis, -is f. | vine |
| genus, generis, n. | kind, nature |
| bonus, -a, -um | good |
| puter, putris, putre | rotten, decaying; crumbling, loose (soil) |
| arvum, -ī n. | ploughed field, field |
| sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n. | only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| ventus, -ī, m. | wind |
| cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | take care of; (+ gerundive) have something done |
| gelidus, -a, -um | icy, ice-cold |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| pruīna, -ae f. | frost |
| labefaciō, -ere, -fēcī, -factus | make totter, shake, weaken |
| moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus | move |
| rōbustus, -a, -um | strong, sturdy |
| iūgerum, -ī n. | a measure of land (about 2/3 acre) |
| fossor, -ōris m. | digger, labourer |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| sī, conj. | if |
| quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. | any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something |
| haud, adv. | not at all, by no means, not |
| ūllus, -a, -um | any |
| vir, virī, m. | man |
| vigilantia, -ae f. | wakefulness; watchfulness, vigilance |
| fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus | flee, run away |
| locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n. | place, situation |
| similis, -e | like, similar (vērī similis: likely) |
| exquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītum | search out, find out |
| ubi, adv. | where; conj., when |
| prīmus, -a, -um | first, foremost |
| parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make ready, prepare |
| arbor, -oris, f. | tree |
| seges, -etis f. | field of grain, standing crop |
| quō, adv. | to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long? |
| mox, adv. | soon |
| dīgerō, -ere, -gessī, -gestus | distribute, arrange; interpret |
| ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus | bear, bring |
| mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | change |
| ignōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | be ignorant of |
| subitō, adv. | unexpectedly, suddenly |
| nē, adv. | not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest |
| sēmen, sēminis n. | seed |
| māter, mātris, f. | mother |
| quīn, conj. | so that ... not, but that, but |
| etiam, adv. | and now, also, too, even |
| caelum, -ī, n. | heaven, sky |
| regiō, -ōnis, f. | direction; country, region |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| cortex, -icis m. | bark |
| signō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | mark, seal; certify |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj. | what? |
| quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron. | each |
| modus, -ī, m. | way, manner |
| stō, stāre, stetī, status | stand |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| calor, -ōris, m. | heat |
| austrīnus, -a, -um | of the south wind, southern |
| tergum, -ī, n. | back |
| obvertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus | turn towards |
| axis, -is m. | axle; the axis of the heavens, the sky |
| restituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtus | set up again, put back, restore |
| adeō (adv.) | so far, to such a degree; so |
| tener, -era, -erum | young, tender |
| cōnsuēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, -suētus | become accustomed; in tenses of completed action, have become accustomed, be accustomed or wont |
| multus, -a, -um | much, great; plur., many |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| collis, -is m. | hill |
| an, conj. | or (in questions) |
| plānus, -a, -um | flat, level |
| pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus | place, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on |
| quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus | seek; ask, inquire |
| prius, adv. | before, first |
| pinguis, -e | fat |
| ager, agri, m. | field, land |
| mētor, -ārī, -ātus sum | measure out, mark out |
| campus, -ī, m. | plain, field |
| dēnsus, -a, -um | thick |
| serō, serere, sēvī, satus | sow, plant |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| segnis, -e | slow, sluggish, idle |
| ūber, -eris n. | teat, breast |
| sīn (conj.) | but if |
| tumulus, -ī m. | mound, hillock |
| acclīvis, -e | sloping upward |
| supīnus, -a, -um | lying on the back; (of hands) palms up, in prayer |
| indulgeō, -ēre, indulsī (+ dat.) | be kind to, favour |
| ōrdō, ōrdinis, m. | arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| sētius (adv.) | less (nihilō sētius: nevertheless) |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| unguis, -is m. | fingernail, nail; claw |
| secō, -āre, secuī, sectus | cut; (of fodder) mow |
| via, -ae, f. | road, way |
| līmes, -itis m. | path, track; boundary |
| quadrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make square; fit, suit, square with; (of rows) run straight |
| saepe, adv. | often, frequently |
| ingēns, -gentis, adj. | huge, vast |
| bellum, -ī, n. | war |
| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| longus, -a, -um | long; tedious |
| cohors, cohortis f. | cohort (a tenth of a legion); company |
| explicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | unfold, spread out; set out, explain |
| legiō, -ōnis f. | legion |
| agmen, -minis, n. | band, column |
| apertus, -a, -um | open |
| dīrēctus (dērēctus), -a, -um | straight; direct; steep, sheer |
| aciēs, -ēī, f. | line of battle |
| lātē | widely |
| flūctuō, -āre, -āvī | move like waves; waver, hesitate |
| aes, aeris, n. | copper, bronze |
| renīdeō, -ēre | shine; smile, beam |
| tellūs, -ūris f. | earth, land (poetic) |
| necdum (adv.) | and not yet, not yet |
| horridus, -a, -um | rough, wild, frightening |
| misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtus | mix, mingle |
| proelium, -ī, n. | battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle |
| sed, conj. | but |
| dubius, -a, -um | doubtful, uncertain |
| medius, -a, -um | mid, middle |
| errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | wander, stray; be mistaken |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| pār, paris | equal |
| numerus, -ī, m. | number |
| dīmētior, -īrī, dīmēnsus sum | measure out (perfect participle often passive) |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| modo, adv. | only |
| utī (conj.) | older form of ut: that, so that; as |
| pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstus | feed |
| prōspectus, -ūs m. | view |
| inānis, -e | empty |
| quia (conj.) | because |
| aliter, adv. | in another way, otherwise, differently |
| vīs, vīs, f. | violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main |
| dō, dare, dedī, datus | give |
| aequus, -a, -um | level; equal; fair |
| vacuus, -a, -um | empty |
| possum, posse, potuī | be able, have power, can |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| extendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum | stretch out, extend |
| rāmus, -ī, m. | branch, bough |