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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 12

Warfare, climate and resources

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Agr. 12.1In pedite rōbur;Their strength lies in their infantry; Agr. 12.1quaedam nātiōnēs et currū proeliantur.some tribes also fight from chariots. Agr. 12.1Honestior aurīga, clientēs prōpugnant.The driver is the man of higher rank; his dependants do the fighting. Agr. 12.1Ōlim rēgibus pārēbant, nunc per prīncipēs factiōnibus et studiīs distrahuntur.Once they obeyed kings, now they are pulled apart into factions and rivalries by their chieftains. Agr. 12.2Nec aliud adversus validissimās gentīs prō nōbīs ūtilius quam quod in commūne nōn cōnsulunt.Nor is anything more useful to us against the most powerful tribes than that they do not take counsel in common. Agr. 12.2Rārus duābus tribusve cīvitātibus ad prōpulsandum commūne perīculum conventus: ita singulī pugnant, ūniversī vincuntur.Rarely do two or three states meet to repel a common danger: so, while they fight one by one, they are all conquered together. Agr. 12.3Caelum crēbrīs imbribus ac nebulīs foedum;The sky is foul with frequent rain and mist; Agr. 12.3asperitās frīgorum abest.severe cold is absent. Agr. 12.3Diērum spatia ultrā nostrī orbis mēnsūram;The length of the days exceeds the measure of our part of the world; Agr. 12.3nox clāra et extrēmā Britanniae parte brevis, ut fīnem atque initium lūcis exiguō discrīmine internōscās.the night is bright and, in the furthest part of Britain, short, so that you can distinguish the end and the beginning of daylight only by a slight interval.

Agr. 12.4Quod sī nūbēs nōn officiant, aspicī per noctem sōlis fulgōrem, nec occīdere et exsurgere, sed trānsīre adfirmant.And if clouds do not obstruct it, they assert that the sun's brightness is seen throughout the night, and that it does not set and rise but passes across. Agr. 12.4Scīlicet extrēma et plāna terrārum humilī umbrā nōn ērigunt tenebrās, īnfrāque caelum et sīdera nox cadit.Evidently the flat extremities of the earth, casting a low shadow, do not raise the darkness high, and night falls below the sky and the stars. Agr. 12.5Sōlum praeter oleam vītemque et cētera calidiōribus terrīs orīrī suēta patiēns frūgum fēcundum: tardē mītēscunt, citō prōveniunt;The soil, apart from the olive, the vine and the other plants accustomed to grow in warmer lands, tolerates crops and is fertile: they ripen slowly but spring up quickly; Agr. 12.5eademque utrīusque reī causa, multus ūmor terrārum caelīque.and the cause of both is the same, the abundant moisture of the land and the sky. Agr. 12.6Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla, pretium victōriae.Britain produces gold and silver and other metals, the prize of victory.

Agr. 12.6Gignit et Oceanus margarīta, sed subfusca ac līventia.The Ocean also produces pearls, but they are dusky and leaden in hue. Agr. 12.7Quīdam artem abesse legentibus arbitrantur;Some think that those who gather them lack skill; Agr. 12.7nam in rubrō marī vīva ac spīrantia saxīs āvellī, in Britanniā, prōut expulsa sint, colligī: ego facilius crēdiderim nātūram margarītīs dēesse quam nōbīs avāritiam.for in the Red Sea they are torn from the rocks alive and breathing, while in Britain they are collected as they are cast ashore: for my part, I would more readily believe that quality is lacking in the pearls than greed in us.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1, purpose clauses ×1, indirect statement ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (147 words)
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
nātiō, -ōnis f.people, nation; birth
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
currus, -ūs, m.chariot, car
proelior, -ārī, -ātus sumfight a battle
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
aurīga, -ae m.charioteer, driver
cliēns, -entis m.client, dependent
prōpugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfight in defence
ōlim, adv.once upon a time, once, formerly, of old
rēx, rēgis, m.king
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
nunc, adv.now
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
factiō, -ōnis f.party, faction
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
distrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractuspull apart, tear asunder
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
validus, -a, -umstrong
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
nōsplur. of ego
ūtilis, -euseful, advantageous
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
quod, conj.that, in that, because
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
nōn, adv.not
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
prōpulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdrive back
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
conventus, -ūs m.meeting, assembly
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
imber, imbris, m.rain, shower
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
nebula, -ae f.mist, cloud
foedus, -a, -umfoul, loathsome, hideous
asperitās, -ātis f.roughness, unevenness; harshness
frīgus, -oris n.cold
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
noster, -tra, -trumour
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
mēnsūra, -ae f.measurement, measure
nox, noctis, f.night
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
brevis, -eshort
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
initium, -ī, n.beginning
lūx, lūcis, f.light
exiguus, -a, -umsmall, scanty, short
discrīmen, -crīminis, n.crisis, peril, danger
internōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nōtustell apart, distinguish
sī, conj.if
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
officiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectusget in the way of, hinder, obstruct (+ dat.)
aspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectuslook at or on, behold
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
fulgor, -ōris m.flash, glare, brightness
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
exsurgō, -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctumrise up, get up
sed, conj.but
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassert, declare firmly
scīlicet, adv.of course, naturally, evidently
plānus, -a, -umflat, level
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
ērigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusraise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage
tenebrae, -ārum f. pl.darkness
īnfrā (adv. and prep. + acc.)below, further down
que, enclitic conj.and
sīdus, -eris n.star, constellation
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
olea, -ae f.olive tree; olive
vītis, -is f.vine
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
calidus, -a, -umwarm, hot
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
suētus, -a, -umaccustomed, used (to); usual, customary
patiēns, -entispatient, able to endure
frūx, frūgis f. (usu. pl.)crops, produce
fēcundus, -a, -umfruitful, rich (in)
tardē (adv.)slowly; comp. tardius
mītēscō, -erebecome mild, grow gentle
citō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset in motion, urge on; citātus: swift, rushing
prōveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventuscome forth, grow; turn out
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
ūmor (hūmor), -ōris m.moisture, liquid, water
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
aurum, -ī, n.gold
argentum, -ī, n.silver
metallum, -ī n.a mine; metal
pretium, -ī, n.price, charge
victōria, -ae, f.victory
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitusproduce, bring forth
margarītum, -ī n.pearl
suffuscus (subfuscus), -a, -umdarkish, dusky, brownish
līveō, -ērebe bluish or leaden in colour; be envious
ars, artis, f.art
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
nam, conj.for
ruber, -bra, -brumred; mare rubrum: the Red Sea (often the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf)
mare, maris, n.sea
vīvus, -a, -umalive, living
spīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbreathe; (of wind) blow
saxum, -ī, n.rock, stone
āvellō, -ere, -vellī (-vulsī), -vulsustear away, wrench off
prōut (conj.)just as, according as
expellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive out, expel
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
facile, adv.easily
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
dēsum, deesse, dēfuībe lacking, fail
avāritia, -ae f.greed
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.