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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 32

Complete your life before death

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Ep. 32.1Inquīrō dē tē et ab omnibus scīscitor, quī ex istā regiōne veniunt, quid agās, ubi et cum quibus morēris.I ask about you, and inquire of everyone who comes from your region what you are doing, where and with whom you are spending your time. Ep. 32.1Verba dare nōn potes;You cannot deceive me; Ep. 32.1tēcum sum.I am with you. Ep. 32.1Sīc vīve, tamquam quid faciās audītūrus sim, immō tamquam vīsūrus.Live as though I were going to hear what you do, or rather as though I were going to see it. Ep. 32.1Quaeris quid mē maximē ex iīs, quae dē tē audiō, dēlectet?Do you ask what delights me most of all that I hear about you? Ep. 32.1Quod nihil audiō, quod plērīque ex hīs, quōs interrogō, nesciunt quid agās.That I hear nothing, that most of those I question do not know what you are doing. Ep. 32.2Hoc est salūtāre, nōn conversārī dissimilibus et dīversa cupientibus.This is what is healthy: not to associate with people unlike yourself and with desires different from your own. Ep. 32.2Habeō quidem fīdūciam nōn posse tē dētorquērī mānsūrumque in prōpositō, etiam sī sollicitantium turba circumeat.I am confident indeed that you cannot be turned aside and that you will hold to your purpose, even if a crowd of tempters surrounds you.

Ep. 32.2Quid ergō est?What then? Ep. 32.2Nōn timeō, nē mūtent tē, timeō, nē inpediant.I do not fear that they will change you; I fear that they will hinder you. Ep. 32.2Multum autem nocet etiam quī morātur, utique in tantā brevitāte vītae, quam breviōrem incōnstantia facimus aliud eius subinde atque aliud facientēs initium.And even one who delays you does great harm, especially when life is so short, and we make it shorter by our inconstancy, making one fresh beginning of it after another. Ep. 32.2Dīdūcimus illam in particulās ac lancināmus.We split it into little pieces and tear it to shreds. Ep. 32.3Properā ergō, Lūcīlī cārissime, et cōgitā quantum additūrus celeritātī fuerīs, sī ā tergō hostis īnstāret, sī equitem adventāre suspicārēris ac fugientium premere vestīgia.Hurry, then, dearest Lucilius, and think how much you would add to your speed if an enemy were pressing at your back, if you suspected that cavalry were approaching and following hard on the tracks of the fugitives. Ep. 32.3Fit hoc, premeris;This is happening: you are being pressed; Ep. 32.3accelerā et ēvāde, perdūc tē in tūtum et subinde cōnsīderā, quam pulchra rēs sit cōnsummāre vītam ante mortem, deinde expectāre sēcūrum reliquam temporis suī partem, nihil sibi, in possessiōne beātae vītae positum, quae beātior nōn fit, sī longior.speed up and escape, bring yourself to safety, and consider again and again what a fine thing it is to complete one's life before death, and then to await the remaining portion of one's time free from care, claiming nothing for oneself, established in possession of a happy life, which does not become happier by becoming longer.

Ep. 32.4Ō quandō illud vidēbis tempus, quō sciēs tempus ad tē nōn pertinēre, quō tranquillus placidusque eris et crāstinī neglegēns ut in summā tuī satietāte!Oh, when will you see that time when you will know that time is no concern of yours, when you will be tranquil and calm and careless of tomorrow, as one who has his fill of himself! Ep. 32.4Vīs scīre, quid sit, quod faciat hominēs avidōs futūrī?Do you want to know what it is that makes people greedy for the future? Ep. 32.4Nēmō sibi contigit.No one has come into possession of himself. Ep. 32.4Optāvērunt itaque tibi alia parentēs tuī;And so your parents wished other things for you; Ep. 32.4sed ego contrā omnium tibi eōrum contemptum optō, quōrum illī cōpiam.but I, on the contrary, wish you contempt for all those things of which they wished you abundance. Ep. 32.4Vōta illōrum multōs conpīlant, ut tē locuplētent.Their prayers plunder many people in order to enrich you. Ep. 32.4Quicquid ad tē trānsferunt, alicui dētrahendum est.Whatever they transfer to you must be taken away from someone. Ep. 32.5Optō tibi tuī facultātem, ut vagīs cōgitātiōnibus agitāta mēns tandem resistat et certa sit, ut placeat sibi et intellēctīs vērīs bonīs, quae, simul intellēcta sunt, possidentur, aetātis adiectiōne nōn egeat.I wish you possession of yourself, so that your mind, tossed about by wandering thoughts, may at last stand firm and be steady, that it may be content with itself and, having understood the true goods, which are possessed as soon as they are understood, may have no need of added years.

Ep. 32.5Ille dēmum necessitātēs supergressus est et exauctōrātus ac līber, quī vīvit vītā perāctā.He alone has risen above necessities, and is discharged and free, who lives when his life is complete. Ep. 32.5Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×2, purpose clauses ×3, gerunds and gerundives ×1, ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (176 words)
inquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch into, inquire
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
omnis, -eall, every
scīscitor, -ārī, -ātus sumask, inquire
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
regiō, -ōnis, f.direction; country, region
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
cum, prep, with abl.with
moror, -ārī, -ātusdelay, linger, stay
verbum, -ī, n.word
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
nōn, adv.not
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
sīc, adv.so, thus
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
immō (adv.)no rather, on the contrary; immō vērō: no, indeed, even
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplease, delight; passive: enjoy, take pleasure in
quod, conj.that, in that, because
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
interrogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask, question
nesciō, -scīre, -scīvīnot know, be ignorant; nesciō quis, I know not who, some one or other (nesciō is thus used with other interrogative words also)
salūtāris, -ehealthful, beneficial, bringing safety
conversor, -ārī, -ātus sumlive, spend time (with), associate; conduct oneself
dissimilis, -eunlike, different
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
fīdūcia, -ae f.confidence, trust, reliance
dētorqueō, -ēre, -torsī, -tortusturn aside, turn
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
que, enclitic conj.and
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
prōpositum, -ī n.plan, purpose; the point being made, theme
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
sī, conj.if
sollicitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstir up, tempt
turba, -ae f.crowd
circumeō, -īre, -iī, -itumgo around
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
multum, -ī, n.much
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitum (+ dat.)harm, hurt
utique (adv.)certainly, by all means; yes indeed
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
brevitās, -ātis f.shortness
vīta, -ae, f.life
brevis, -eshort
incōnstantia, -ae f.fickleness, inconsistency, changeableness
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
subinde (adv.)immediately after; repeatedly, from time to time
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
initium, -ī, n.beginning
dīdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductumspread out, divide
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
particula, -ae f.small part, particle
lancinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustear to pieces, mangle
properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushasten
cārus, -a, -umdear, precious
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
celeritās, -tātis, f.swiftness, quickness, speed
tergum, -ī, n.back
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
adventō, -āre, -āvīcome nearer and nearer, approach
suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātussuspect
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
accelerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushurry, hasten
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
perdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead or bring through, lead, bring
tūtum, -ī n.safety, a safe place; in tūtō: in safety
cōnsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook at closely, consider, think over
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrumbeautiful
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
cōnsummō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbring to completion, finish
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
mors, mortīs, f.death
deinde, adv.then, next
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
sēcūrus, -a, -umfree from care, untroubled; careless (of: gen.)
reliquus, -a, -umleft, the remaining, the other, the rest of
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
possessiō, -ōnis f.property, possession
beātus, -a, -umhappy, blessed
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
ō (interj.)O! oh!
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
pertineō, -ēre, -uīextend, reach; tend toward, concern
tranquillus, -a, -umcalm
placidus, -a, -umcalm, gentle
crāstinus, -a, -umof tomorrow; in crāstinum (diem): on the next day
neglegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusdisregard, neglect
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
satietās, -ātis f.fullness, satiety; weariness, disgust
volō, velle, voluīwish
homō, hominis, m.man
avidus, -a, -umeager, greedy (for: gen.)
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctumtouch, reach
optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswish for, desire; pray for
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
parēns, -entis m./f.parent
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
sed, conj.but
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
contemptus, -ūs m.contempt (contemptuī esse: be despised)
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
vōtum, -ī n.vow; wish, prayer
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
compīlō (conpīlō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusplunder, rob
locuplētō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusenrich, make wealthy
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātuscarry across, transfer
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
dētrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctusdraw or pull off
facultās, -tātis, f.possibility, opportunity, chance, means
vagus, -a, -umwandering, roaming
cōgitātiō, -ōnis f.thought, reflection; plan, intention
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
resistō, -sistere, -stitīstand back, resist
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
possideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessushold, possess
aetās, -tātis, f.age
adiectiō, -ōnis f.addition
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl. or gen.)need, lack, be in want of
dēmum, adv.at last
necessitās, -ātis f.necessity, compulsion
supergredior, -gredī, -gressus sumgo beyond, exceed, surpass
exauctōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdischarge from service; cashier, dismiss
līber, lībera, līberumfree
peragō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumcarry through, complete
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.