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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 29

Whether to admonish Marcellinus

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Ep. 29.1Dē Marcellīnō nostrō quaeris et vīs scīre, quid agat.You ask about our friend Marcellinus and want to know how he is doing. Ep. 29.1Rārō ad nōs venit, nōn ūllā aliā ex causā quam quod audīre vērum timet, ā quō perīculō iam abest.He seldom comes to see me, for no other reason than that he is afraid to hear the truth, a danger from which he is by now quite free. Ep. 29.1Nūllī enim nisi audītūrō dīcendum est.For one should speak only to the man who will listen. Ep. 29.1Ideō dē Diogene nec minus dē aliīs Cynicīs, quī lībertāte prōmiscuā ūsī sunt et obviōs monuērunt, dubitārī solet, an hoc facere dēbuerint.That is why, about Diogenes and no less about the other Cynics, who used an indiscriminate freedom of speech and admonished whoever they met, it is commonly doubted whether they ought to have done so. Ep. 29.2Quid enim, sī quis surdōs obiūrget aut nātūrā morbōve mūtōs?For what if someone were to scold the deaf, or those made dumb by nature or by illness? Ep. 29.2"Quārē," inquis, "verbīs parcam?'Why,' you say, 'should I be sparing with words?

Ep. 29.2Grātuīta sunt.They cost nothing. Ep. 29.2Nōn possum scīre, an eī prōfutūrus sim, quem admoneō;I cannot know whether I shall help the man I admonish; Ep. 29.2illud sciō, alicui mē prōfutūrum sī multōs admonuerō.this I do know, that I shall help someone if I admonish many. Ep. 29.2Spargenda manus est.One must sow broadcast. Ep. 29.2Nōn potest fierī, ut nōn aliquandō succēdat multa temptantī."It cannot be that one who tries many times will not sometimes succeed.' Ep. 29.3Hoc, mī Lūcīlī, nōn exīstimō magnō virō faciendum;This, my Lucilius, I do not think a great man should do; Ep. 29.3dīluitur eius auctōritās nec habet apud eōs satis ponderis, quōs posset minus obsolefacta corrigere.his authority is diluted and has not enough weight with those whom it could correct if it were less cheapened. Ep. 29.3Sagittārius nōn aliquandō ferīre dēbet, sed aliquandō dēerrāre.An archer ought not to hit the mark only sometimes, but to miss it only sometimes. Ep. 29.3Nōn est ars, quae ad effectum cāsū vēnit.That is no art which reaches its result by chance. Ep. 29.3Sapientia ars est;Wisdom is an art; Ep. 29.3certum petat, ēligat prōfectūrōs, ab is, quōs dēspērāvit, recēdat, nōn tamen citō relinquat et in ipsā dēspērātiōne extrēma remedia temptet.let it aim at a sure target, choose those who will make progress, withdraw from those it has given up hope of, yet not abandon them quickly, and in the very midst of despair try the last remedies.

Ep. 29.4Marcellīnum nostrum ego nōndum dēspērō.I do not yet despair of our Marcellinus. Ep. 29.4Etiamnunc servārī potest, sed sī citō illī manus porrigitur.He can still be saved, but only if a hand is held out to him quickly. Ep. 29.4Est quidem perīculum, nē porrigentem trahat;There is indeed a danger that he may drag down the one who holds it out; Ep. 29.4magna in illō ingeniī vīs est, sed iam tendentis in prāvum.there is great force of talent in him, but it is already tending towards the bad. Ep. 29.4Nihilōminus adībō hoc perīculum et audēbō illī mala sua ostendere.Nonetheless I shall face this danger and dare to show him his faults. Ep. 29.5Faciet quod solet;He will do what he usually does; Ep. 29.5advocābit illās facētiās, quae rīsum ēvocāre lūgentibus possunt, et in sē prīmum, deinde in nōs iocābitur.he will summon up that wit of his which can draw laughter even from mourners, and will make jokes first about himself, then about us. Ep. 29.5Omnia, quae dictūrus sum, occupābit.He will forestall everything I am going to say.

Ep. 29.5Scrūtābitur scholās nostrās et obiciet philosophīs congiāria, amīcās, gulam.He will rummage through our schools and throw in the philosophers' faces their handouts, their mistresses, their gluttony. Ep. 29.5Ostendet mihi alium in adulteriō, alium in popīnā, alium in aulā.He will show me one philosopher in adultery, another in a tavern, another at court. Ep. 29.6Ostendet mihi M. Lepidī philosophum Aristōnem, quī in gestātiōne disserēbat.He will show me Aristo, the philosopher of Marcus Lepidus, who used to hold forth while being carried about in a litter. Ep. 29.6Hoc enim ad ēdendās operās tempus accēperat.For that was the time he had chosen for bringing out his works. Ep. 29.6Dē cuius sectā cum quaererētur, Scaurus ait: "Utique Peripatēticus nōn est."When it was asked to which sect he belonged, Scaurus said: 'At any rate he is no Peripatetic.' Ep. 29.6Dē eōdem cum cōnsulerētur Iūlius Graecīnus, vir ēgregius, quid sentīret, "Nōn possum," inquit, "tibi dīcere;When Julius Graecinus, a distinguished man, was consulted about the same man and asked what he thought, he said: 'I cannot tell you; Ep. 29.6nesciō enim, quid dē gradū faciat," tamquam dē essedāriō interrogārētur.for I do not know what he can do on foot,' as if he were being asked about a chariot-fighter.

Ep. 29.7Hōs mihi circulātōrēs, quī philosophiam honestius neglēxissent quam vēndunt, in faciem ingeret.He will thrust in my face these mountebanks, who would have done more decently to neglect philosophy than to sell it. Ep. 29.7Cōnstituī tamen contumēliās perpetī;Yet I have resolved to put up with insults; Ep. 29.7moveat ille mihi rīsum, ego fortasse illī lacrimās movēbō, aut sī rīdēre persevērābit, gaudēbō tamquam in malīs, quod illī genus īnsāniae hilare contigerit.let him move me to laughter, I perhaps shall move him to tears, or, if he persists in laughing, I shall rejoice, as one may amid misfortunes, that his kind of madness has turned out to be a cheerful one. Ep. 29.7Sed nōn est ista hilaritās longa.But such cheerfulness does not last long. Ep. 29.7Observā;Watch; Ep. 29.7vidēbis eōsdem intrā exiguum tempus ācerrimē rīdēre et ācerrimē rabere.you will see the same people within a short time laughing most fiercely and raging most fiercely. Ep. 29.8Prōpositum est adgredī illum et ostendere, quantō plūris fuerit, quom multīs minōris vidērētur.My plan is to tackle him and show him how much more he was worth when many thought him worth less.

Ep. 29.8Vitia eius etiam sī nōn excīderō, inhibēbō;Even if I do not cut out his vices, I shall check them; Ep. 29.8nōn dēsinent, sed intermittent.they will not cease, but they will pause. Ep. 29.8Fortasse autem et dēsinent, sī intermittendī cōnsuētūdinem fēcerint.And perhaps they will cease as well, if they make a habit of pausing. Ep. 29.8Nōn est hoc ipsum fastīdiendum, quoniam quidem graviter adfectīs sānitātis locō est bona remissiō.Even this is not to be scorned, since for those seriously ill a good remission takes the place of health. Ep. 29.9Dum mē illī parō, tū interim, quī potes, quī intellegis, unde quō ēvāserīs, et ex eō suspicāns, quoūsque sīs ēvāsūrus, compōne mōrēs tuōs, attolle animum, adversus formīdāta cōnsiste.While I prepare myself for him, you meanwhile, who are able, who understand from where to where you have escaped, and can guess from this how far you will yet escape, set your character in order, lift up your spirit, stand firm against the things you have feared. Ep. 29.9Numerāre eōs nōlī, quī tibi metum faciunt.Do not count those who make you afraid.

Ep. 29.9Nōnne videātur stultus, sī quis multitūdinem eō locō timeat, per quem trānsitus singulīs est?Would not a man seem a fool if he feared a multitude in a place where passage is one at a time? Ep. 29.9Aequē ad tuam mortem multīs aditus nōn est, licet illam multī minentur.Just so, there is no access to your death for many, though many threaten it. Ep. 29.9Sīc istuc nātūra disposuit: spīritum tibi tam ūnus ēripiet quam ūnus dedit.Nature has arranged it like this: just one will snatch your breath from you, as just one gave it. Ep. 29.10Sī pudōrem habērēs, ultimam mihi pēnsiōnem remīsissēs.If you had any shame, you would have let me off the last instalment. Ep. 29.10Sed nē ego quidem mē sordidē geram in fīnem aeris aliēnī et tibi quod dēbeō, inpingam.But I shall not behave shabbily either at the settling of my debt, and I shall thrust on you what I owe. Ep. 29.10"Numquam voluī populō placēre.'I have never wanted to please the people. Ep. 29.10Nam quae ego sciō, nōn probat populus;For what I know the people do not approve; Ep. 29.10quae probat populus, ego nesciō."what the people approve, I do not know.' Ep. 29.11"Quis hoc?"'Who said this?' Ep. 29.11inquis, tamquam nesciās, cui imperem;you ask, as though you did not know whom I press into service; Ep. 29.11Epicūrus.Epicurus.

Ep. 29.11Sed idem hoc omnēs tibi ex omnī domō conclāmābunt, Peripatēticī, Acadēmicī, Stōicī, Cynicī.But all of them will shout this same thing at you from every house, Peripatetics, Academics, Stoics, Cynics. Ep. 29.11Quis enim placēre populō potest, cui placet virtūs?For who can please the people, if virtue pleases him? Ep. 29.11Malīs artibus populāris favor quaeritur.Popular favour is sought by evil arts. Ep. 29.11Similem tē illīs faciās oportet.You must make yourself like them. Ep. 29.11Nōn probābunt, nisi agnōverint.They will not approve you unless they recognise you as one of their own. Ep. 29.11Multō autem ad rem magis pertinet, quālis tibi videāris quam quālis aliīs.But it matters much more what you seem to yourself than what you seem to others. Ep. 29.11Conciliārī nisi turpī ratiōne amor turpium nōn potest.The love of base men cannot be won except by base means. Ep. 29.12Quid ergō illa laudāta et omnibus praeferenda artibus rēbusque philosophia praestābit?What then will that philosophy, so praised and to be preferred to all arts and possessions, provide? Ep. 29.12Scīlicet ut mālīs tibi placēre quam populō, ut aestimēs iūdicia, nōn numerēs, ut sine metū deōrum hominumque vīvās, ut aut vincās mala aut fīniās.Why, that you would rather please yourself than the people, that you weigh judgements and do not count them, that you live without fear of gods and men, that you either overcome evils or end them.

Ep. 29.12Cēterum, sī tē vīderō celebrem secundīs vōcibus vulgī, sī intrante tē clamor et plausus, pantomīmica ōrnāmenta, obstrepuerint, sī tōtā cīvitāte tē fēminae puerīque laudāverint, quidnī ego tuī miserear, cum sciam, quae via ad istum favōrem ferat?For the rest, if I see you celebrated by the favourable cries of the crowd, if when you enter, shouts and applause, the trappings of a pantomime dancer, ring around you, if throughout the whole city women and boys praise you, why should I not pity you, since I know what road leads to that popularity? Ep. 29.12Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×7, indirect statement ×3, purpose clauses ×4, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (327 words)
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
noster, -tra, -trumour
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
volō, velle, voluīwish
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
rārō (adv.)seldom, rarely
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
nōsplur. of ego
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
nōn, adv.not
ūllus, -a, -umany
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
quod, conj.that, in that, because
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
vērum (conj.)but, but in fact; nōn modo ... vērum etiam: not only ... but also
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
iam, adv.now, already
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
enim, conj.for
nisi, conj.if not, unless
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ideō (adv.)for that reason, therefore
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
minus, comp. adv.less
Cynicus, -a, -umCynic; as noun, a Cynic philosopher
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
prōmiscuus, -a, -ummixed, indiscriminate, held in common
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdoubt, hesitate
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
an, conj.or (in questions)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
sī, conj.if
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
surdus, -a, -umdeaf
obiūrgō, -iūrgāre, -iūrgāvī, -iūrgātuschide, scold, reproach
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
morbus, -ī m.sickness, disease
mūtus, -a, -umdumb, silent, speechless
quārē (adv.)why; for which reason
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
verbum, -ī, n.word
parcō, -ere, pepercī, parsūrusspare, show mercy to (+ dat.)
grātuītus, -a, -umfree, without reward, for nothing
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
admoneō, -ēre, -uī, -itusremind, warn, advise
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsusscatter, sprinkle
manus, -ūs, f.hand
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
aliquandō, adv.at some time or other; finally, at length
succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo or come under, follow after, succeed
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
vir, virī, m.man
dīluō, -ere, -luī, -lūtumwash away, dissolve
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
pondus, ponderis, n.weight
obsolefaciō, -ere, -fēcī, -factuswear out, cheapen, degrade
corrigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusstraighten, set right, reform
sagittārius, -ī m.archer
feriō, -īrestrike, hit
sed, conj.but
dēerrō, -āre, -āvīgo astray, lose one's way
ars, artis, f.art
effectus, -ūs m.result, accomplishment, success
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
sapientia, -ae f.wisdom, good sense
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctumpick out, choose
prōficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectumaccomplish, make progress
dēspērō, -spērāre, -spērāvī, -spērātusdespair
recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo back, withdraw, retire
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
citō (adv.; comp. citius)quickly, soon; citius: more quickly, without delay
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
dēspērātiō, -ōnis f.despair, hopelessness
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
remedium, -ī, n.remedy
nōndum, adv.not yet
etiamnunc (adv.)even now, still; further, besides
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
porrigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctusstretch out, hold out, hand
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
tendō, -ere, tetendī, tentumstretch out; hold out
prāvus, -a, -umcrooked; bad, wrong
nihilō minusnevertheless
adeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo to, approach
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
advocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon (contiōnem advocāre: call an assembly)
facētiae, -ārum f. pl.wit, humour, jokes
rīsus, -ūs m.laughter
ēvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātuscall out, challenge
lūgeō, -ēre, lūxī, lūctusmourn, grieve for
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
deinde, adv.then, next
iocor, -ārī, -ātus sumjoke, jest, play
omnis, -eall, every
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
scrūtor, -ārī, -ātus sumsearch, examine closely
schola, -ae f.lecture hall, school; lecture
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
philosophus, -ī m.philosopher
congiārium, -ī n.a largesse, gift of money or goods to the people or soldiers
amīca, -ae f.friend (a woman); girlfriend, mistress
gula, -ae f.throat, gullet
adulterium, -ī n.adultery
popīna, -ae f.cookshop, low tavern
aula, -ae f.courtyard; hall, palace
gestātiō, -ōnis f.drive or walk for taking exercise in a litter; being carried
disserō, -ere, -sēvī, -situssow here and there, plant at intervals
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
opera, -ae, f.effort, work, labor
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
secta, -ae f.sect, party, school; way of life
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
āiō (defective)say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
utique (adv.)certainly, by all means; yes indeed
Peripatēticus, -a, -umPeripatetic, of Aristotle's school; (m. as noun) a Peripatetic philosopher
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
ēgregius, -a, -umoutstanding, excellent
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsusperceive, feel
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
nesciō, -scīre, -scīvīnot know, be ignorant; nesciō quis, I know not who, some one or other (nesciō is thus used with other interrogative words also)
gradus, -ūs m.step, stage; rank
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
essedārius, -ī m.chariot-fighter
interrogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask, question
circulātor, -ōris m.street performer, peddler; one who goes about reading aloud
philosophia, -ae f.philosophy
honestē, adv.honorably, decently
neglegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusdisregard, neglect
vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditumsell
faciēs, -ēī f.face; appearance
ingerō, -gerere, -gessī, -gestusheap on, pour in; stuff in
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset together or up; appoint; determine
contumēlia, -ae f.insult, outrage
perpetior, -petī, -pessus sumendure, bear to the end
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
fortasse (adv.)perhaps
lacrima, -ae, f.tear
rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsuslaugh
persevērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpersist
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
īnsānia, -ae, f.madness, insanity
hilaris, -echeerful, in good spirits
contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctumtouch, reach
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
hilaritās, -ātis f.cheerfulness, merriment
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
observō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwatch; keep, respect
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
intrā, prep. with acc.within
exiguus, -a, -umsmall, scanty, short
ācriter, adv.sharply, fiercely
rabiō, -ererage, rave
prōpositum, -ī n.plan, purpose; the point being made, theme
adgredior, -gredī, -gressus sumapproach; address; attack; undertake
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
excīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut out, cut down, hew through
inhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold back, check, rein in
dēsinō, -sinere, -siī, -situsstop, cease (+ inf.)
intermittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missusleave off, interrupt; let pass; pass., be left between, intervene, elapse
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f.custom, habit; way of life
fastīdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfeel disgust at, be sick of, scorn
quoniam, conj.since now, since
graviter, adv.severely, seriously
adficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusdo to, move, affect; visit, afflict
sānitās, -tātis, f.soundness; right reason, sanity
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
bonus, -a, -umgood
remissiō, -ōnis f.relaxing, easing; leniency
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
interim (adv.)meanwhile
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
unde, adv.whence
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātussuspect
quoūsque (adv.)how long? until when?
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
attollō, -erelift up, raise
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
formīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbe afraid, dread
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
numerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscount, number; reckon, count as
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
nōnne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is expectednot?
stultus, -a, -umfoolish, stupid
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
trānsitus, -ūs m.crossing, passage
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
mors, mortīs, f.death
aditus, -ūs, m.approach, entrance
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
minor, -ārī, -ātus sumthreaten (someone: dat.; with something: abl.)
sīc, adv.so, thus
dispōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumstation here and there, post
spīritus, -ūs m.breath; (pl.) pride, arrogance
tam, adv.so
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
ēripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptussnatch out or away, rescue
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
pēnsiō, -ōnis f.payment, instalment
remittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumsend back; give up, remit
sordidē (adv.)meanly, basely, stingily
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
aes, aeris, n.copper, bronze
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
impingō, -ere, -pēgī, -pāctusdash against, drive into
numquam, adv.never
populus, -ī m.people, nation
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
nam, conj.for
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
conclāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshout out, cry out
Acadēmicus, -a, -umof the Academy; pl. as noun, Academic philosophers
Stōicus, -a, -umStoic; (m. pl. as noun) the Stoics
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
malus, -a, -umbad
populāris, -eof the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician)
favor, -ōris m.goodwill, support, applause
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
agnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus, recognize
multō, adv.by much or far, much, far
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
pertineō, -ēre, -uīextend, reach; tend toward, concern
quālis, -eof what sort? what kind of?
conciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwin over; win, obtain
turpis, -edisgraceful
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
amor, -ōris, m.love
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpraise
praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātumput before, prefer (sē praeferre: show oneself superior)
que, enclitic conj.and
praestō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitusstand in front; show
scīlicet, adv.of course, naturally, evidently
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
aestimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumvalue, reckon
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
sine, prep. with abl.without
deus, -ī, m.god
homō, hominis, m.man
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
fīniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusbound, limit; end
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
celeber, celebris, celebrefrequented; renowned, celebrated
secundus, -a, -umfollowing, favorable
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
vulgus, -ī n.the common people, the crowd
intrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgo within or into, enter
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
plausus, -ūs, m.applause
pantomīmicus, -a, -umof pantomime, theatrical
ōrnāmentum, -ī n.honour, distinction; ornament
obstrepō, -ere, -strepuīmake a noise against, shout down
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
fēmina, -ae, f.woman
puer, puerī, m.boy
quidnī, adv.why not? of course
misereor, -ērī, miseritus sumpity, have mercy on (+ gen.)
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
via, -ae, f.road, way
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.